Problem 105
A certain oxygen atom has the electron configuration 1\(s^{2} 2 s^{2} 2 p_{x}^{2} 2 p_{y}^{2} .\) How many unpaired electrons are present? Is this an excited state of oxygen? In going from this state to the ground state, would energy be released or absorbed?
Problem 106
Which of the following electron configurations correspond to an excited state? Identify the atoms and write the ground-state electron configuration where appropriate. a. 1\(s^{2} 2 s^{2} 3 p^{1}\) b. 1\(s^{2} 2 s^{2} 2 p^{6}\) c. 1\(s^{2} 2 s^{2} 2 p^{4} 3 s^{1}\) d. \([\mathrm{Ar}] 4 s^{2} 3 d^{5} 4 p^{1}\) How many unpaired electrons are present in each of these species?
Problem 109
One bit of evidence that the quantum mechanical model is “correct” lies in the magnetic properties of matter. Atoms with unpaired electrons are attracted by magnetic fields and thus are said to exhibit paramagnetism. The degree to which this effect is observed is directly related to the number of unpaired electrons present in the atom. Consider the ground-state electron configurations for Li, N, Ni, Te, Ba, and Hg. Which of these atoms would be expected to be paramagnetic, and how many unpaired electrons are present in each paramagnetic atom?
Problem 110
How many unpaired electrons are present in each of the following in the ground state: \(\mathrm{O}, \mathrm{O}^{+}, \mathrm{O}^{-}, \mathrm{Os}, \mathrm{Zr}, \mathrm{S}, \mathrm{F}, \mathrm{Ar}\) ?
Problem 111
Arrange the following groups of atoms in order of increasing size. a. Te, S, Se b. K, Br, Ni c. Ba, Si, F
Problem 112
Arrange the following groups of atoms in order of increasing size. a. Rb, Na, Be b. Sr, Se, Ne c. Fe, P, O
Problem 115
In each of the following sets, which atom or ion has the smallest radius? a. H, He b. Cl, In, Se c. element 120, element 119, element 116 d. Nb, Zn, Si e. \(\mathrm{Na}^{-}, \mathrm{Na}, \mathrm{Na}^{+}\)
Problem 116
In each of the following sets, which atom or ion has the smallest ionization energy? a. \(\mathrm{Ca}, \mathrm{Sr}, \mathrm{Ba}\) b. \(\mathrm{K}, \mathrm{Mn}, \mathrm{Ga}\) c. \(\mathrm{N}, \mathrm{O}, \mathrm{F}\) d. \(\mathrm{S}^{2-}, \mathrm{S}, \mathrm{S}^{2+}\) e. \(\mathrm{Cs}, \mathrm{Ge}, \mathrm{Ar}\)
Problem 117
Element 106 has been named seaborgium, Sg, in honor of Glenn Seaborg, discoverer of the first transuranium element. a. Write the expected electron configuration for element 106. b. What other element would be most like element 106 in its properties? c. Predict the formula for a possible oxide and a possible oxyanion of element 106.
Problem 118
Predict some of the properties of element 117 (the symbol is Uus, following conventions proposed by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, or IUPAC). a. What will be its electron configuration? b. What element will it most resemble chemically? c. What will be the formula of the neutral binary compounds it forms with sodium, magnesium, carbon, and oxygen? d. What oxyanions would you expect Uus to form?
