Chapter 7

Choose the best response for the following: The ionization energy for the chlorine atom is equal in magnitude to the electron affinity for a. the Cl atom. b. the Cl ${}^{-}$ ion. c. the Cl ${}^{+}$ ion. d. the F atom. e. none of these. Explain each choice. Justify your choice, and for the choices you did not select, explain what is incorrect about them.

Consider the following statement: "The ionization energy for the potassium atom is negative, because when $\mathrm{K}$ loses an electron to become ${\mathrm{K}}^{+},$ it achieves a noble gas electron configuration." Indicate everything that is correct in this statement. Indicate everything that is incorrect. Correct the incorrect information, and explain.

In going across a row of the periodic table, electrons are added and ionization energy generally increases. In going down a column of the periodic table, electrons are also being added but ionization energy decreases. Explain

What is meant by an orbital?

Explain the difference between the probability density distribution for an orbital and its radial probability.

Is the following statement true or false? The hydrogen atom has a 3s orbital. Explain.

Which is higher in energy: the 2s or 2p orbital in hydrogen? Is this also true for helium? Explain

Prove mathematically that it is more energetically favorable for a fluorine atom to take an electron from a sodium atom than for a fluorine atom to take an electron from another fluorine atom.

What type of relationship (direct or inverse) exists between wavelength, frequency, and photon energy? What does a photon energy unit of a joule equal?

What do we mean by the frequency of electromagnetic radiation? Is the frequency the same as the speed of the electromagnetic radiation?