Chapter 18

What reduced coenzymes provide the electrons for electron transport?

What is meant by oxidative phosphorylation?

According to the chemiosmotic theory, how does the proton gradient provide energy to synthesize ATP?

Why does FADH ${}_2$ yield two ATPs, using the electron transport system, but NADH yields three ATPs?

Consider the complete oxidation of caprylic acid ${\mathrm{CH}}_3-{\left({\mathrm{CH}}_2\right)}_6-\mathrm{COOH},\mathrm{a}{\mathrm{C}}_8$ fatty acid. a. How many acetyl CoA units are produced? b. How many cycles of $\beta$ oxidation are needed? c. How many ATPs are generated from the oxidation of caprylic acid?

Consider the complete oxidation of arachidic acid, ${\mathrm{CH}}_3-{\left({\mathrm{CH}}_2\right)}_{18}-\mathrm{COOH},\mathrm{a}{\mathrm{C}}_{20}$ fatty acid. a. How many acetyl CoA units are produced? b. How many cycles of $\beta$ oxidation are needed? c. How many ATPs are generated from the oxidation of arachidic acid?

Consider the complete oxidation of oleic acid, ${\mathrm{CH}}_3-{\left({\mathrm{CH}}_2\right)}_7-\mathrm{CH}=\mathrm{CH}-{\left({\mathrm{CH}}_2\right)}_7-\mathrm{COOH}$, which is an 18-carbon monounsaturated fatty acid. a. How many acetyl CoA units are produced? b. How many cycles of $\beta$ oxidation are needed? c. How many ATPs are generated from the oxidation of oleic acid?

Consider the complete oxidation of palmitoleic acid, ${\mathrm{CH}}_3-{\left({\mathrm{CH}}_2\right)}_5-\mathrm{CH}=\mathrm{CH}-{\left({\mathrm{CH}}_2\right)}_7-\mathrm{COOH}$, which is a 16-carbon monounsaturated fatty acid found in animal and vegetable oils. a. How many acetyl CoA units are produced? b. How many cycles of $\beta$ oxidation are needed? c. How many ATPs are generated from the oxidation of palmitoleic acid?

When are ketone bodies produced in the body?

Lauric acid, ${\mathrm{CH}}_3-{\left({\mathrm{CH}}_2\right)}_{10}-\mathrm{COOH}$, which is found in coconut oil, is a saturated fatty acid. a. Draw the condensed structural formula of lauric acid acyl CoA. b. Indicate the $\alpha$ and $\beta$ carbon atoms in the fatty acyl molecule. c. How many acetyl CoA units are produced? d. How many cycles of $\beta$ oxidation are needed? e. Account for the total ATP yield from $\beta$ oxidation of lauric acid by completing the following calculation: