Problem 85
If there are no reactions in the citric acid cycle that use oxygen, \(\mathrm{O}_{2}\), why does the cycle operate only in aerobic conditions?
Problem 86
What products of the citric acid cycle are needed for electron transport?
Problem 87
In the chemiosmotic model, how is energy provided to synthesize ATP?
Problem 92
State if each of the following processes produce or consume ATP: a. citric acid cycle b. glucose forms two pyruvates c. pyruvate forms acetyl CoA d. glucose forms glucose-6-phosphate e. oxidation of \(\alpha\) -ketoglutarate f. transport of NADH across the mitochondrial membrane \(\mathrm{g}\). activation of a fatty acid
Problem 93
Match the following ATP yields to reactions \(\mathbf{a}-\mathbf{g}\) : \(\begin{array}{llll}2 \text { ATP } & \text { 3 ATP } & \text { 6ATP } & \text { 12 ATP }\end{array}\) \(\begin{array}{lll}\text { 18 ATP } & \text { 36 ATP } & \text { 44 ATP }\end{array}\) a. Glucose forms two pyruvates. b. Pyruvate forms acetyl CoA. c. Glucose forms two acetyl CoAs. d. Acetyl CoA goes through one turn of the citric acid cycle. e. Caproic acid \(\left(\mathrm{C}_{6}\right)\) is completely oxidized. f. \(\mathrm{NADH}+\mathrm{H}^{+}\) is oxidized to \(\mathrm{NAD}^{+}\). g. FADH \(_{2}\) is oxidized to FAD.
Problem 94
Identify each of the following reactions a to e in the \(\beta\) oxida tion of palmitic acid, a \(\mathrm{C}_{16}\) fatty acid, as (1) activation (2) dehydrogenation (3) hydration (4) oxidation (5) cleavage a. Palmityl CoA and FAD form \(\alpha, \beta\) -unsaturated palmityl CoA and \(\mathrm{FADH}_{2}\). b. \(\beta\) -Keto palmityl CoA forms myristyl CoA and acetyl CoA. c. Palmitic acid, CoA, and ATP form palmityl CoA. d. \(\alpha, \beta\) -Unsaturated palmityl \(\mathrm{CoA}\) and \(\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}\) form \(\beta\) -hydroxy palmityl CoA. e. \(\beta\) -Hydroxy palmityl CoA and NAD \(^{+}\) form \(\beta\) -keto palmityl \(\mathrm{CoA}\) and \(\mathrm{NADH}+\mathrm{H}^{+}\)
Problem 95
Which of the following molecules will produce the most ATP per mole? a. glucose or maltose b. myristic acid, \(\mathrm{CH}_{3}-\left(\mathrm{CH}_{2}\right)_{12}-\mathrm{COOH}\), or stearic acid, \(\mathrm{CH}_{3}-\left(\mathrm{CH}_{2}\right)_{16}-\mathrm{COOH}\) c. glucose or two acetyl CoAs d. glucose or caprylic acid (C \(_{8}\) ) e. citrate or succinate in one turn of the citric acid cycle
Problem 96
Which of the following molecules will produce the most ATP per mole? a. glucose or stearic acid \(\left(\mathrm{C}_{18}\right)\) b. glucose or two pyruvate c. two acetyl CoAs or one palmitic acid \(\left(\mathrm{C}_{16}\right)\) d. lauric acid \(\left(C_{12}\right)\) or palmitic acid \(\left(C_{16}\right)\) e. \(\alpha\) -ketoglutarate or fumarate in one turn of the citric acid cycle
