Question

Think Critically Which theory of motivation might best explain why you work (or do not work) to get good grades? Explain.

Short answer

For example, the expectancy theory could best explain working towards achieving good grades if one believes that high efforts put into studying would lead to good academic performance and that this would further lead to desired rewards such as getting into a good university or securing a good job.

Step-by-step solution

Understanding theories of motivation

Before filtering out the best fitting theory to explain the scenario, it's important to have a clear understanding of the different theories of motivation. These theories can include Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory, intrinsic and extrinsic motivation theory, expectancy theory, goal setting theory, etc.

Relating the theories to the scenario

Next, one needs to consider how each theory might apply to the scenario provided. For example, expectancy theory might explain the scenario if one believes that their efforts would lead to good grades and ultimately to the desired outcomes (like getting a good job or getting into a good university). In the case of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation theory, one might be internally driven because they find learning enjoyable (intrinsic motivation) or because they want to achieve an external reward, like a good grade (extrinsic motivation).

Choosing the most relevant theory

Finally, based on the analysis, one should choose the theory that most accurately describes the scenario. Since the exercise allows for a personal perspective, one's personal experiences and motivations can be used when choosing a theory. For example, if one is most motivated by the prospect of future rewards, then expectancy theory might be the most applicable. However, if one is motivated because they enjoy learning and gaining new knowledge, then intrinsic motivation theory might be a better fit.

Key concepts

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

Understanding why we strive for good grades can be illuminated by Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs. It is a motivational theory in psychology comprising a five-tier model of human needs, depicted as hierarchical levels within a pyramid. Needs lower down in the hierarchy must be satisfied before individuals can attend to needs higher up.

At the base of Maslow's pyramid are physiological needs, followed by safety needs. Once these are fulfilled, individuals seek to satisfy their need for love and belonging, and then esteem needs, which relate to accomplishment and recognition. Finally, at the peak, is self-actualization – fulfilling one's potential and pursuing personal growth.

• Physiological Needs: Basic life requirements such as food, water, and sleep.
• Safety Needs: Security, safety, and stability in life.
• Love and Belonging: Friendships, relationships, and community.
• Esteem Needs: Mastery, recognition, and respect.
• Self-Actualization: Achieving personal goals and self-fulfillment.

Good grades could relate to several levels of the hierarchy, such as esteem needs, by earning recognition from peers and teachers, and potentially self-actualization by achieving one's full academic potential.

Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation

When we consider motivation for academic success, intrinsic and extrinsic motivations play crucial roles. Intrinsic motivation comes from within. It is the passion or interest in the subject matter that drives one to learn and excel, independent of external rewards. It's when you study because you enjoy the challenge, find pleasure in understanding new concepts, or just love the subject.

On the other hand, extrinsic motivation depends on outside factors. It might be the desire for good grades, accolades, or even parental approval that pushes one to work hard. While intrinsically motivated students may engage in learning purely for the enjoyment or challenge, extrinsically motivated students might study hard primarily to score well in exams or earn a scholarship.

These motivations are not mutually exclusive and often overlap; a student might enjoy learning (intrinsic) but also be mindful of the concrete rewards like good grades and praise they receive (extrinsic).

Expectancy Theory

Expectancy theory posits that individuals are motivated to act in certain ways based on the expectation that their actions will lead to desired outcomes. In the context of academic achievement, expectancy theory suggests that students will be motivated to get good grades if they believe:

• The effort they put in (e.g., studying) will lead to good performance (expectancy).
• Good performance will result in a specific outcome (e.g., praise from teachers, a scholarship, or a good job) (instrumentality).
• This outcome will be valuable or desirable to them (valence).

Applying this framework, a student is likely to aim for high grades if they think that their study time is well-spent, will indeed translate into better grades, and those grades will unlock doors to future opportunities.

Goal Setting Theory

Goal-setting theory suggests that clear, well-defined, and challenging goals can serve as effective motivational tools that significantly enhance performance. When students set specific goals related to their grades, such as aiming for a certain GPA or mastering a complex topic, it focuses their efforts and attention, fosters persistence, and can make them more resourceful.

According to this theory, goals should have the following characteristics to be effective:

• S – Specific: Well-defined and clear goals.
• M – Measurable: Goals with criteria to measure progress.
• A – Achievable: Realistic and attainable goals.
• R – Relevant: Goals should align with broader ambitions and objectives.
• T – Time-bound: A deadline or timeframe to achieve the goal.

Setting SMART goals could increase a student's drive to get good grades as it creates a roadmap for success with milestones and a vision that keeps one's motivation high.