Question

Jolo is a 5 -year-old boy who does not speak, waves his arms around a lot, does not make eye contact, and does not seem to connect with other kids or adults. Jolo may have which disorder? a. autistic spectrum disorder b. ADHD c. childhood depression d. theory of mind

Short answer

Jolo may have autistic spectrum disorder.

Step-by-step solution

Understanding the Symptoms

Jolo does not speak and waves his arms around a lot, which are signs that he might be experiencing challenges in communication and behavior regulation. Lack of eye contact and not connecting with others could indicate social interaction difficulties.

Evaluating the Options

Let's look at each option: - Autistic Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is often characterized by difficulties in communication, social interactions, and repetitive behaviors. - ADHD involves issues with attention and hyperactivity but does not typically include communication and social difficulties. - Childhood depression can affect mood and interest in activities but usually does not prominently feature communication and interaction challenges as primary symptoms. - Theory of Mind is not a disorder; it is the ability to understand others' thoughts and feelings, which Jolo may struggle with, but it is not a diagnostic category.

Comparing Symptoms with Disorders

Jolo's symptoms align with several characteristics often observed in Autism Spectrum Disorder, such as challenges in communication, social interactions, and repetitive behaviors.

Conclusion

Given Jolo's symptoms of not speaking, arm waving, lack of eye contact, and difficulties connecting with others, the symptoms most closely relate to Autistic Spectrum Disorder, option (a).

Key concepts

Communication Challenges

Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) often face communication challenges, which are a central feature of the condition. These challenges can manifest in various ways depending on the severity of the condition.
Some children may not speak at all, while others might use limited or unusual forms of speech.
For example, Jolo, the child in our exercise, does not speak, which is a significant communication challenge associated with ASD.

There are several aspects of communication challenges in ASD, including:

• Delayed Speech Development: Many children with ASD begin speaking later than their peers or don't develop speech skills at all.
• Non-Verbal Communication: Using gestures, facial expressions, and eye contact effectively can be difficult.
• Echolalia: Some children might repeat words or phrases they have heard without apparent understanding.

Addressing these challenges often involves specialized support, including speech therapy and the use of alternative communication methods like sign language or communication boards.

Social Interaction Difficulties

Social interaction difficulties are another prominent feature of Autism Spectrum Disorder. Children like Jolo might experience trouble connecting with others, often leading to feelings of isolation or misunderstanding.
These difficulties can appear as early as infancy and might persist into adulthood, affecting everyday life and relationships.

Typical social interaction difficulties in ASD include:

• Lack of Eye Contact: Jolo's lack of eye contact is a classic sign, as children with ASD may find it uncomfortable or overwhelming.
• Difficulty Understanding Social Cues: Facial expressions, gestures, and tone of voice, which are key to interacting socially, can be confusing.
• Preference for Solitude: Some children may prefer playing alone rather than with peers, which can lead to social challenges.

Educators and caregivers often use specialized social skills training to help children understand and practice social interactions in a supportive environment.

Repetitive Behaviors

Repetitive behaviors are commonly observed in children with Autism Spectrum Disorder and may serve a variety of functions, such as providing comfort or coping with stress.
Jolo's behavior of waving his arms repetitively is an example.
These behaviors are often predictable and might appear odd or unnecessary to others.

Common forms of repetitive behaviors in ASD include:

• Stimming: Actions like hand-flapping, rocking, or spinning can help manage emotions or overstimulation.
• Ritualistic Actions: Following specific routines or patterns, like lining up toys, can provide a sense of order and predictability.
• Abnormal Interests: Intense focus on specific topics or objects, such as an interest in order, numbers, or patterns.

Understanding the purpose behind these behaviors is crucial for providing appropriate support and helping children manage them constructively.