Question

The key assumption of humanistic theorists, such as Maslow and Rogers, is that people a. are driven by unconscious motives. b. strive toward growth and fulfillment. c. learn from observing others. d. none of the above.

Short answer

The correct option is b: people strive toward growth and fulfillment.

Step-by-step solution

Understanding Humanistic Theory

Humanistic psychology focuses on the growth and development of individuals. This theory emphasizes the importance of free will, self-efficacy, and the path towards self-actualization. Pioneers like Maslow introduced the idea of a hierarchy of needs where the ultimate goal is self-fulfillment.

Exploring Key Contributions of Maslow and Rogers

Maslow's hierarchy of needs includes stages leading to self-actualization, suggesting people naturally strive for personal growth. Rogers emphasized self-concept and unconditional positive regard, which are directed at individual development and fulfillment. Both theorists focused on the inherent drive towards personal growth.

Eliminating Unrelated Options

Review the options: (a) 'driven by unconscious motives' relates to psychoanalysis, (c) 'learn from observing others' relates to behaviorism or social learning theory, and (d) 'none of the above' is not applicable since 'b' aligns with humanistic theory as discussed.

Conclusion

Based on the understanding of humanistic theory, the key assumption of theorists like Maslow and Rogers is that people strive toward growth and fulfillment. Therefore, the correct choice is option (b).

Key concepts

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs is a psychological theory proposed by Abraham Maslow to describe human motivation. Imagine it as a pyramid made up of five levels, where each level represents different human needs.

• At the base of the pyramid are Physiological Needs. These are basic survival needs like food, water, and shelter.
• Next comes Safety Needs, which include personal security, employment, and resources.
• In the middle are Love and Belonging Needs. These focus on relationships, friendships, and family.
• Above these are Esteem Needs, which involve recognition, self-esteem, and feelings of accomplishment.
• At the top of the pyramid is Self-Actualization. This is the realization of personal potential, self-fulfillment, and seeking personal growth.

Maslow believed that each level must be satisfied before moving to the next. For example, one needs to feel safe before they can focus on building relationships. This theory fundamentally claims that humans are motivated by unsatisfied needs, and progress through these levels to achieve self-actualization.

Self-Actualization

Self-Actualization is the process of realizing one's full potential and becoming everything one is capable of being. It is the peak of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs.

Achieving self-actualization involves:

• Personal Growth: Engaging in lifelong learning and personal development.
• Creativity: Expressing creativity in personal or professional life.
• Authenticity: Being true to oneself, with honesty in behavior and actions.
• Purpose: Understanding one's role and purpose in the world.
• Acceptance: Accepting oneself and others, aiding in a higher sense of life satisfaction.

Self-actualization isn't about being perfect; rather, it's about continually striving to become better and achieve personal fulfillment. This is deeply embedded in the humanistic approach, which regards this as a natural drive for individuals.

Unconditional Positive Regard

Unconditional Positive Regard is a term popularized by Carl Rogers, another prominent humanistic psychologist. This concept refers to accepting and respecting others without judgment or conditions.

Unconditional Positive Regard is crucial in:

• Therapy: A therapist provides a non-judgmental, supportive environment to help clients explore their true selves.
• Relationships: Encourages positive, healthy relationships by fostering trust and acceptance.
• Self-Growth: Helps individuals accept themselves fully and without fear of losing approval or love.

According to Rogers, receiving unconditional positive regard from others boosts self-esteem and encourages self-acceptance. It creates a safe space where individuals feel valued, which is essential for personal growth and self-actualization.