Question

An inability to break out of a particular frame of mind in order to think about a problem from a fresh perspective is known as a. perpetuation. b. mental set. c. fixation. d. functional fixedness

Short answer

The correct answer is b. mental set.

Step-by-step solution

Understand the problem

The question is asking us to identify a psychological concept that describes the inability to think about a problem from a fresh perspective.

Define the key terms

Let's clarify the meanings of the given options: - Perpetuation refers to the continuation or maintenance of something, typically unwanted. - Mental set refers to a habitual approach or strategy that one relies on to solve problems, which may hinder seeing alternative solutions. - Fixation indicates an inability to adopt different strategies or views, sticking to a single perspective excessively. - Functional fixedness is a cognitive bias that limits a person to using an object only in its traditional manner.

Evaluate each option

Based on definitions: - Perpetuation (option a) is unrelated as it's about continuation. - Mental set (option b) is about relying on an accustomed mental framework which blocks new perspectives. - Fixation (option c) also fits but is more general than the specific aspect of problem-solving the question implies. - Functional fixedness (option d) is too specific since it refers to objects, not general problem-solving.

Choose the best fitting term

The term that best captures the idea of being unable to see a problem from a fresh perspective, as described, is 'mental set' (option b) as it involves using a familiar strategy even when it isn't applicable.

Key concepts

Mental Set

Our minds often operate within familiar routines when solving problems, and this can lead to what psychologists term a "mental set." A mental set is the predisposition to approach a situation in a certain way because it has worked in the past. While it can be beneficial by streamlining thought processes, it also has limitations.

If you've ever puzzled over a math problem, trying the same solution repeatedly because it worked in previous scenarios, that demonstrates a mental set. These habitual strategies can obstruct seeing innovative or simpler solutions.

Consider these attributes of mental sets:

• They build efficiency by utilizing previously successful methods.
• They may cause "blinders" that block fresh perspectives or alternative solutions.
• Pioneering thinking involves breaking free from mental sets to innovate or solve problems creatively.

Breaking a mental set requires intentional effort, open-mindedness, and sometimes stepping away from the issue to allow fresh ideas to form.

Functional Fixedness

Functional fixedness is a specific type of cognitive bias that restricts an individual's perception of how to use traditional objects in unconventional ways. It affects creativity and problem-solving, often leading people to overlook alternatives that don't fit the object's known function.

For example, viewing a paperclip only as a means to hold paper together is a sign of functional fixedness. Yet, a paperclip can also serve as a tool for unlocking a door or a hook for hanging ornaments.

Key characteristics include:

• Limiting the thought process to only conventional uses.
• Overlooking object functions that are outside of its typical use.
• Reducing creative problem-solving and innovation.

To overcome functional fixedness, practice thinking of multiple uses for common objects and embrace lateral thinking exercises which stimulate unconventional ideas.

Cognitive Bias

Cognitive biases are systematic patterns of deviation from norm or rationality in judgment. They often arise from the brain's attempt to simplify information processing. While these biases can help conserve mental energy, they can also lead to errors in thinking and decision making.

Some common cognitive biases include confirmation bias, where one tends to favor information that confirms existing beliefs, and overconfidence bias, where one's subjective confidence in their judgments is greater than their objective accuracy.

Features of cognitive biases include:

• Shortcut mechanisms for decision-making that are based on simplicity and speed.
• The potential to skew perception and reality interpretation.
• Influences on a wide range of human behaviors and thought processes.

Awareness of these biases is crucial for improving judgment and fostering critical thinking. Recognizing when and how biases occur can aid in adjusting decision-making processes, leading to more rational and balanced outcomes.