Question

According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin model, name and describe the three stages of memory.

Short answer

The Atkinson-Shiffrin model of memory includes three stages: sensory memory (holds incoming information from our senses, and lasts for a few seconds), short-term memory (holds about 7 items of information for approximately 20-30 seconds), and long-term memory (stores encoded information indefinitely and has an unlimited capacity).

Step-by-step solution

Identify the Stages

There are three main stages of memory according to the Atkinson-Shiffrin model: sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.

Describe Sensory Memory

Sensory memory is the initial stage that holds all incoming information from our five senses. This memory lasts for a very short time (up to a few seconds). It acts as a buffer for stimuli received through the senses. A memory trace is stored here until it is transferred to the short-term memory.

Describe Short-Term Memory

Short-term memory (STM) is often also referred to as working memory. It holds a small amount of information (about 7 items) for a brief period of time (approximately 20-30 seconds). Information from the sensory memory that grabs one's attention travels into the short-term memory.

Describe Long-Term Memory

Long-term memory (LTM) is the final stage of the multi-store memory model proposed by Atkinson and Shiffrin. The information that reaches this stage has been encoded and can be stored indefinitely. LTM is believed to have an unlimited capacity.

Key concepts

Stages of Memory

Memory is a complex but crucial aspect of human cognition, allowing us to store and retrieve information over time. The Atkinson-Shiffrin model, developed in 1968 by Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin, describes three distinct stages through which information passes in a linear fashion: sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory. This model serves as a fundamental framework for understanding the process by which sensory input is captured, processed, and archived.

Each stage has unique characteristics in terms of capacity, duration, and function. Sensory memory captures the vast array of information presented to the sensory organs, short-term memory filters and retains information temporarily for immediate use, and long-term memory serves as a vast storehouse for knowledge, skills, and experiences.

Sensory Memory

Imagine you're walking through a garden. The vibrant colors of the flowers, the scent of the fresh earth, the sound of bees buzzing around — all this information first enters your sensory memory. It acts as a brief storage system for the multitude of sensory impressions bombarding our senses at every moment. Sensory memory is incredibly high in capacity but retains these impressions for a very short duration, usually up to a few seconds.

It serves as a temporary holding tank allowing us to select which stimuli are important enough to be transferred to short-term memory for more conscious attention. Iconic (visual) and echoic (auditory) memory are two well-studied types of sensory memory, and their fleeting nature explains why you may not remember every detail of a scene unless you focus on it specifically.

Short-Term Memory

After sensory memory filters out the unnecessary details, we come to short-term memory (STM), or what some prefer to call working memory. STM is akin to a small workspace in our minds where we hold and manipulate information. It has a limited capacity, famously theorized to hold about 7±2 items, and retains information for only a short period — generally 20 to 30 seconds without rehearsal.

Information in STM can be lost through decay or displacement by new information. However, through processes like chunking — grouping individual bits of information into larger units — and rehearsal, we can maintain information in STM longer and even transfer it to long-term memory. Examples of using short-term memory include remembering a phone number just long enough to dial it and maintaining a grocery list in your head while shopping.

Long-Term Memory

Long-term memory (LTM) is the final destination for information that has been deemed significant enough to be stored indefinitely. Unlike sensory or short-term memory, LTM has a seemingly endless capacity. It's where all our knowledge, experiences, concepts, skills, and habits are stored. Think of it as a vast library, with memories stored as books on endless shelves.

LTM includes explicit (declarative) memory, which consists of facts and events we can consciously recall, and implicit (procedural) memory, which refers to our acquired skills like riding a bicycle. Retrieval from LTM can be influenced by a variety of factors, including the methods used to encode the memory and the presence of cues that can help trigger recall. Ensuring information makes this transition involves deep processing, like understanding meaning and significance, which solidifies the memory's presence in long-term storage.