Question

Learning is best defined as a relatively permanent change in behavior that _____ a. is innate b. occurs as a result of experience c. is found only in humans d. occurs by observing others

Short answer

The correct answer is (b). Learning is best defined as a relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs as a result of experience.

Step-by-step solution

Analyze the Choices

Firstly, look at all the options. Identification of an accurate option requires a comprehension of the definition of the term 'learning'. As per definition, (a) is incorrect, as learning is not innate but is acquired. (c) is incorrect, because learning can happen not only in humans but also in animals. (d) is partly true, but it does not explain the 'learning' completely as learning can occur in many ways, not just by observing others.

Make The Correct Choice

Option (b) 'occurs as a result of experience' fits fully with the definition of learning. Learning indeed is a relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs as a result of experience.

Key concepts

Behavior Change

Learning leads to a change in behavior, making it a crucial part of the learning process. Behavior change through learning happens when a person acquires new information or experiences that modify their actions, thoughts, or reactions.

For example, after studying a new language, an individual can communicate in that language, showing that their behavior has changed.

• This change is typically seen as something relatively permanent.
• It reflects new understanding or skill acquisition.
• It indicates adaptability and cognitive growth.

Learning is not about temporary behavior adjustments but long-lasting ones that will favorably impact future actions.

Innate Learning

Innate learning differs from what learning typically refers to, which is non-innate. Innateness implies that certain knowledge or behaviors are inborn and not learned from experiences.

This type of learning is frequently observed in animal behavior, where certain instincts are present from birth.

• Examples include a baby's ability to cry for attention or a spider's instinct to spin a web.
• These actions don't require lessons or experiences.
• Innate learning forms part of the survival strategies inherited across generations.

In most definitions of learning, experiences shape one's skills and knowledge, rather than innate traits.

Observational Learning

Another important aspect of learning is through observation. Observational learning occurs when an individual learns by watching others and copying or modeling their behaviors.

This is particularly common during childhood when children observe adults to learn new actions or skills.

• This process involves attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation.
• It is an essential way of transmitting cultural and social norms.
• An example would be a child learning to tie shoelaces by watching a parent do it.

Observational learning is a powerful tool not only in childhood but throughout life, facilitating socialization and skill acquisition.

Experience in Learning

At the heart of learning is the role of experience. Experience-based learning signifies that an individual's direct and indirect experiences play a critical role in shaping their behavior and cognition.

When people encounter new situations, they use these experiences to guide future actions and decisions.

• Learning from experiences ensures practical application and reinforcement of knowledge.
• For example, learning to cook through trial and error allows a person to develop culinary skills over time.
• Experience often provides feedback, which is crucial for refining and improving behaviors.

Throughout life, experiences act as teachers, facilitating knowledge acquisition and skill enhancement, making them indispensable to the learning process.