Question

_________ refers to drug craving. a. psychological dependence b. antagonism c. agonism d. physical dependence

Short answer

The correct answer is a. psychological dependence.

Step-by-step solution

Define key terms

First, let's define each term to understand them better:\n\n- Psychological dependence: This occurs when a substance becomes central to a person’s thoughts, emotions, and activities. It usually involves cravings and substance use to relieve withdrawal symptoms or to induce pleasure.\n\n- Antagonism: In pharmacology, this refers to a situation in which a substance acts against and blocks the action of another substance in the body. It does not directly relate to drug craving.\n\n- Agonism: This is when a substance triggers a response in the body after binding to a receptor. However, it's not directly associated with drug cravings.\n\n- Physical dependence: This is a state resulting from chronic use of a drug that has produced tolerance and where negative physical symptoms of withdrawal result from abrupt discontinuation or dosage reduction. It's not synonymous with drug craving as it's more about physiological response to drug absence.

Match the correct term

From the definitions, it's clear that the term that refers to drug craving is psychological dependence. This term encompasses the emotional and mental aspects of substance use, including cravings.

Key concepts

Drug Craving

Drug craving is a powerful desire to use a substance, often experienced by individuals who are psychologically dependent. Unlike physical dependence, which involves the body's adaptation to a drug, drug craving is rooted in the mind. It manifests as an intense obsession and preoccupation with obtaining and using the substance. This mental yearning can occur even after a significant period of abstinence.

Cravings can be sparked by various stimuli, such as:

• Places associated with past use
• Stressful situations
• Seeing people from drug-using environments
• Even certain emotions

These triggers can significantly challenge individuals trying to quit or reduce substance use. Understanding the psychological nature of craving is crucial for effectively managing and overcoming it.

Withdrawal Symptoms

Withdrawal symptoms occur when someone who is physically dependent on a substance stops using it or significantly reduces their intake. These symptoms are the body's reactions as it struggles to adapt without the substance it's become accustomed to. Withdrawal can range from mild discomfort to severe physiological reactions.

The severity and type of symptoms vary depending on the substance and the level of dependence. Common symptoms of withdrawal may include:

• Anxiety
• Restlessness
• Insomnia
• Sweating
• Nausea or vomiting
• Muscle pain or stiffness

The discomfort associated with withdrawal can be a significant barrier to quitting. It often requires medical supervision, especially for substances with potentially dangerous withdrawal effects, such as alcohol or benzodiazepines.

Substance Use

Substance use is the consumption of drugs or alcohol, which can be occasional, recreational, or regular. It's important to differentiate between use and misuse, as not all use leads to dependence or addiction. However, repetitive use can increase the risk of developing dependence.

Several factors influence substance use, including:

• Genetic predisposition
• Environmental influences
• Mental health issues
• Social ties and peer pressure

Education, support systems, and preventative measures can help manage and reduce the risk related to substance use. Awareness around the potential psychological and physical impacts of substance use is crucial for making informed choices.