Question

______________ are defined as observable realities. a. behaviors b. facts c. opinions d. theories

Short answer

The correct answer is: (b) Facts

Step-by-step solution

Analyze the Options

First, understand the meanings of the provided options. 'Behaviors' refer to the way in which one acts or conducts oneself. 'Facts' are truths known by actual experience or observation. 'Opinions' are personal views or attitudes. 'Theories' are proposed explanations whose status is still conjectural, in contrast to well-established propositions that are regarded as reporting matters of actual fact.

Match Definitions

Next, compare the definition of 'observable realities' with the definitions of each option. Based on definitions, only one option - 'Facts' align with 'observable realities' as both are known by actual experience or observation and regarded as actual fact.

Key concepts

Facts

Facts are statements or assertions that can be proven to be true or existent beyond any doubt. These are established through observation, measurement, or research, and they remain constant regardless of individual beliefs or perceptions. A fact stands independent of interpretation and personal opinion.

For example:

• The Earth orbits the Sun.
• Water freezes at 0°C (32°F).
• The boiling point of water at sea level is approximately 100°C (212°F).

Such statements have been tested and confirmed through empirical evidence. Observations from credible sources validate them, thus rendering a substantial foundation for other knowledge building blocks.

Behaviors

Behaviors refer to the actions or reactions of individuals or groups in response to external or internal stimuli. They are observable in nature, meaning they can be seen and measured by others. However, behaviors themselves are not deemed as facts because they can often vary based on personal or situational variables.

For instance, consider how someone might react in a stressful situation:

• Some may stay calm and focused.
• Others might become agitated or nervous.

These behaviors are directly observed and can give insights into a person's mindset or cultural influences, but they do not represent inherent truths about the world. They are context-dependent and can change over time.

Opinions

Opinions are subjective beliefs or thoughts that reflect an individual's perspectives, preferences, or interpretations. Unlike facts, opinions are not universally accepted truths. They can vary greatly from person to person based on experiences, beliefs, and emotions.

Examples of opinions include:

• "Chocolate is the best ice cream flavor."
• "Online learning is more effective than traditional classroom learning."
• "The new movie was outstanding."

Opinions can lead to rich discussions and debates, helping us to explore various viewpoints, but they are necessarily subjective and situational. They help shape personal identities, cultures, and social interactions.

Theories

Theories are systematic frameworks for understanding events, behaviors, or phenomena. They are built on hypotheses that have been tested and supported by evidence repeatedly, but they are not absolute truths. Theories aim to explain why something occurs and predict future occurrences under similar circumstances.

Examples of widely recognized theories include:

• Einstein's Theory of Relativity
• Darwin's Theory of Evolution
• The Big Bang Theory

Theories are fundamental to scientific progress as they guide research and inquiry, helping to form structured predictions and drawing conclusions from evidence. They grow stronger when supported by accumulating data, yet they remain open to modification as new evidence emerges.