Question

Dr. Anastasia believes that major depressive disorder is caused by an over- secretion of cortisol. His view on the cause of major depressive disorder reflects a _____ perspective. a. psychological b. supernatural c. biological d. diathesis-stress

Short answer

The correct answer is (c.) biological.

Step-by-step solution

Understand the Options

In the context of this question, each answer reflects a different perspective on the cause of major depressive disorders. First, a psychological perspective views disorders as caused by mental and emotional processes. Second, a supernatural perspective suggests that disorders are caused by forces beyond the natural world, such as spiritual or mystical influences. Third, a biological perspective suggests that disorders are rooted in the physical function of the brain or body, such as chemical imbalances or genetic factors. Lastly, a diathesis-stress perspective suggests that mental disorders result from a combination of genetic predisposition (diathesis) and stressors in the environment.

Match the Question Statement to the Correct Perspective

The question states that Dr. Anastasia believes that major depressive disorder is caused by an over-secretion of cortisol. Cortisol is a hormone, so an over-secretion of it would be a biological process. This aligns with a biological perspective, which posits that physical processes within the brain or body (which includes hormone secretion) can be the root causes of mental disorders. Thus, Dr. Anastasia's view best aligns with a biological perspective.

Key concepts

Major Depressive Disorder

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a mental health condition characterized by persistent feelings of deep sadness and a lack of interest in life activities. It affects how a person feels, thinks, and handles daily activities. Symptoms include:

• Loss of interest or pleasure in activities once enjoyed.
• Significant weight loss or gain or changes in appetite.
• Difficulty sleeping or oversleeping.
• Loss of energy or increased fatigue.
• Feelings of worthlessness or guilt.

Without understanding the underlying causes, treating MDD can be challenging, as it's not just about feeling sad. It reflects deeper issues in brain chemistry, circuitry, and circumstances regarding life events. This leads to various perspectives on its causes, such as psychological or biological approaches.

Cortisol

Cortisol is a hormone produced by the adrenal glands located on top of each kidney. It's often called the "stress hormone" because it's released in response to stress and plays a crucial role in several bodily functions. The proper balance of cortisol is essential for health, influencing:

• Metabolism regulation.
• Blood sugar levels maintenance.
• Inflammatory response control.

In the context of depression, an over-secretion of cortisol may lead to or exacerbate major depressive disorder. Chronic stress levels can cause cortisol levels to remain high, potentially leading to depression-like symptoms. Thus, cortisol's role highlights a biological perspective on the causes of depression, linking hormonal balance directly to mood disorders.

Psychological Disorders

Psychological disorders, also known as mental disorders, encompass a wide range of conditions that affect mood, thinking, and behavior. Major depressive disorder is one of these conditions. Psychological disorders are diagnosed based on an individual's behavior patterns and mental processes that deviate from cultural expectations. Common categories include:

• Anxiety disorders, such as panic disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder.
• Mood disorders, like major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder.
• Personality disorders, such as borderline personality disorder.

The complexity of psychological disorders makes understanding their causes vital for effective treatment. Approaches may focus on psychological, biological, or environmental factors, illustrating the interdisciplinary nature of mental health research and care.

Causes of Depression

The causes of depression are multifaceted, often stemming from a combination of genetic, biological, environmental, and psychological factors.

• Biological: Chemical imbalances in the brain, genetic predispositions, and hormonal changes can contribute to depression. Cortisol levels, for example, have been linked to depressive symptoms.
• Environmental: Trauma, loss of a loved one, a difficult relationship, or any stressful situation can trigger depression, particularly in those already genetically predisposed.
• Psychological: Cognitive patterns, such as having a negative view of one's self and the world, can also play a role.

Understanding these causes helps tailor treatment options, whether through medication, therapy, lifestyle changes, or a combination of these methods. The integration of multiple perspectives ensures a comprehensive approach to managing and treating depression effectively.