Question

One of the primary characteristics of autism spectrum disorder is ______. a. bed-wetting b. difficulty relating to others c. short attention span d. intense and inappropriate interest in others

Short answer

b. difficulty relating to others

Step-by-step solution

Analyze the options

All the options, namely bed-wetting, difficulty relating to others, short attention span, intense and inappropriate interest in others, should be considered independently and their relation to Autism Spectrum Disorder should be evaluated.

Compare options to ASD characteristics

Autism Spectrum Disorder is mainly associated with difficulties in social interaction and communication, thus running a comparison, it is evident that difficulty relating to others aligns with ASD characteristics.

Select the correct response

After comparing the options to ASD characteristics, the most fitting option is 'difficulty relating to others', hence this is the correct answer to the problem.

Key concepts

Social Interaction Difficulties

Individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) often experience distinct social interaction difficulties. These challenges can manifest in multiple ways, such as difficulty in understanding social cues, struggles with forming and maintaining relationships, and displaying less emotional reciprocity in interactions with others.

For instance, a person with ASD might not respond to their name being called or might avoid eye contact, which is commonly seen as a key element of non-verbal communication. They may also have trouble interpreting body language and facial expressions, which can further complicate social interactions.

Consistently, in educational and peer-group settings, these difficulties can affect a person's ability to participate in group activities or engage in play that involves social imagination. It's not that individuals with ASD do not desire to make friends or socialize; rather, they often need support and explicit instruction to navigate these complex social landscapes effectively.

ASD Communication Challenges

Communication challenges are integral to autism spectrum disorder, affecting both verbal and non-verbal communication skills. People with ASD might exhibit delayed speech development, or in some cases, might not develop spoken language at all.

Those who do speak often struggle with the natural ebb and flow of conversation—such as taking turns in dialogue, initiating or terminating conversations appropriately, and understanding sarcasm or jokes. Additionally, they might take phrases literally, leading to misunderstandings.

Furthermore, some individuals develop a condition known as echolalia, where they repeat phrases or noises without an immediate communicative purpose. Addressing these communication challenges involves tailored interventions that can include speech and language therapy, social skills training, and the use of alternative communication methods, like sign language or picture communication systems.

Autism Disorder Diagnosis

The diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder consists of a multi-disciplinary evaluation that takes into account a child's behavior and development. It typically involves a thorough assessment conducted by a team that may include a psychologist, neurologist, psychiatrist, and a speech therapist.

The diagnostic process involves gathering extensive information from the child’s developmental history, medical history, and direct observations of the child. Standardized diagnostic tools such as the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS) and the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (ADI-R) are often utilized.

Diagnosis is not about labeling but about providing a pathway for support and interventions that can enhance the quality of life for those with ASD. It is important to note that autism is a spectrum disorder, which means it manifests differently in each individual, and therefore, the approach to diagnosis and intervention must be individualized.