Question

Research indicates that the symptoms of OCD _____ a. are similar to the symptoms of panic disorder b. are triggered by low levels of stress hormones c. are related to hyperactivity in the orbitofrontal cortex d. are reduced if people are asked to view photos of stimuli that trigger the symptoms

Short answer

c. The symptoms of OCD are related to hyperactivity in the orbitofrontal cortex

Step-by-step solution

Understand what each choice implies

Each choice implies a different aspect or cause of the symptoms of OCD. Some choices imply a similarity to another disorder, a role of stress hormones, a neurobiological cause, or a potential method of reducing symptoms.

Compare choices to known information about OCD

Using knowledge or research on OCD, each statement should be compared to what is known about the disorder. The brain area mentioned, the orbitofrontal cortex, has been linked to OCD, which makes choice c a likely answer. However, all options need to be considered.

Eliminate incorrect choices

It is known that OCD and Panic Disorder are distinct disorders with separate symptoms, so choice a must be incorrect. There is no evidence that low levels of stress hormones trigger OCD, so choice b can be eliminated. Viewing triggering stimuli tends to increase, not reduce, OCD symptoms, so choice d is not correct.

Choose the correct answer

After comparing all options to known information about OCD and eliminating the choices that are clearly incorrect, the remaining choice, 'c. are related to hyperactivity in the orbitofrontal cortex', is chosen as the correct answer.

Key concepts

Orbitofrontal Cortex

The orbitofrontal cortex is a region of the brain known for its role in decision-making and processing rewards. It is located at the front of the brain just above the eyes. Researchers have identified that this area of the brain is involved in the symptoms of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD). When the orbitofrontal cortex becomes hyperactive, it can lead to excessive worry and repetitive actions.

In OCD, this hyperactivity means that the brain is continuously signaling the need to re-evaluate and perform actions obsessively, like checking if a door is locked over and over. This continuous cycle of behavior is a hallmark of OCD. Understanding the function of the orbitofrontal cortex gives insight into why these repeated behaviors are so hard for individuals with OCD to control.

Supported by research, treatment plans may sometimes target brain activity, aiming to calm the orbitofrontal cortex. This approach can help reduce the severity of OCD symptoms.

Neurobiological Causes

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder is not just a psychological condition; it has strong neurobiological underpinnings. Studies indicate that OCD is connected to specific abnormalities in brain circuits involving the orbitofrontal cortex, the anterior cingulate cortex, and the basal ganglia. These circuits work together to regulate feelings and behavior.

Disturbances in these circuits can lead to the pathological habits and fears seen in OCD. Neurotransmitters, which are chemicals that help transmit signals in the brain, are also involved. Specifically, the neurotransmitter serotonin is often associated with OCD. It plays a significant role in mood regulation and impulse control. Imbalances of serotonin levels can result in the type of compulsive behaviors found in OCD.

Treatments like medication and therapy are often focused on correcting or modulating these neurobiological aspects to manage OCD effectively.

Symptom Triggers

In OCD, symptom triggers are events, thoughts, or objects that can provoke obsessive thoughts and compulsive behaviors. These triggers can vary greatly from person to person but commonly include:

• Fear of contamination from dirt or germs
• Need for symmetry or exactness
• Intrusive and unwanted thoughts

When a trigger is encountered, it can cause an increased feeling of anxiety, leading to compulsive actions as a way to alleviate the distress. For instance, someone with a fear of germs might feel an overwhelming urge to wash their hands repeatedly after encountering a perceived source of contamination.

Understanding what triggers one's OCD can be an important step in managing the condition. Through therapy techniques like Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), individuals learn to face their triggers without falling back on compulsive routines. Over time, this exposure can help lessen the power of those triggers.