Question

The concept of learned helplessness was formulated by Seligman to explain the _____________. a. inability of dogs to attempt to escape avoidable shocks after having received inescapable shocks b. failure of dogs to learn to from prior mistakes c. ability of dogs to learn to help other dogs escape situations in which they are receiving uncontrollable shocks d. inability of dogs to learn to help other dogs escape situations in which they are receiving uncontrollable electric shocks

Short answer

The concept of learned helplessness was formulated by Seligman to explain the 'inability of dogs to attempt to escape avoidable shocks after having received inescapable shocks'. Therefore, the correct answer is 'a'.

Step-by-step solution

Understanding Learned Helplessness

Learned helplessness is a mental state in which an organism is forced to bear adverse stimuli, and becomes unable or unwilling to avoid subsequent encounters with those stimuli, even if they are escapable. This theory was conceptualized by Martin Seligman.

Analyzing Each Option

Option a talks about 'inability of dogs to attempt to escape avoidable shocks after having received inescapable shocks', which captures the essence of learned helplessness. Option b alludes to dogs failing to learn from prior mistakes, but this is a simplistic view that does not capture the entire concept of learned helplessness. Options c and d deal with the concept of dogs helping other dogs to escape, which is not related to learned helplessness, as this concept focuses on the individual's response to detrimental situations based on past experiences.

Choosing the Correct Option

By matching the content of each option to the concept of learned helplessness, it is clear that Option a best describes the concept.

Key concepts

Martin Seligman

Martin Seligman is a renowned psychologist, best known for developing the theory of learned helplessness. This theory highlights how exposure to uncontrollable events can lead an individual or animal to perceive lack of control, even in situations where they are in fact able to influence outcomes. Seligman discovered this concept through experimentation and observation during his animal behavior studies.
In the 1960s, Seligman, alongside his colleague Steven Maier, conducted experiments where dogs were subjected to unavoidable shocks. Over time, these dogs did not attempt to escape or avoid shocks when later given the opportunity. This critical experiment laid the groundwork for the understanding of how perceived control, or lack thereof, influences behavior and motivation.
Furthermore, Martin Seligman's work on learned helplessness paved the way for advancements in the field of positive psychology. His studies spurred interest in understanding how everyday adversities affect human behavior, mental health, and the development of resilience. Seligman's contributions emphasize the importance of perceived control in overcoming challenging situations.

Psychological Concepts

Psychological concepts are fundamental theories and frameworks that describe mental processes and behavior. One crucial concept within psychology is learned helplessness, which illuminates how individuals may respond when repeatedly subjected to stressors they cannot control. Understanding such concepts is essential for comprehending complex human and animal behaviors.
Learned helplessness demonstrates the psychological impact of uncontrollable negative events, showing how they can erode motivation and result in passivity. This concept extends beyond animal studies and is applied to human psychological conditions, such as depression and anxiety. People with learned helplessness often feel a lack of agency over their circumstances, similar to Seligman's dogs.
Other psychological concepts intertwined with learned helplessness include cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), which is used to combat negative thinking patterns by altering perceptions and improving an individual’s sense of control. Understanding these psychological principles is vital for developing effective therapeutic techniques and fostering mental well-being.

Animal Behavior Studies

Animal behavior studies are scientific investigations into how animals interact with their environment and respond to stimuli. These studies often provide insights into broader psychological theories, such as learned helplessness.
Seligman's experiments with dogs are a classic example of animal behavior studies that significantly impacted psychological research. By observing how dogs reacted to unavoidable shocks, researchers gained insight into the mechanisms behind behavior when control is perceived as unattainable. This revealed much about automatic behavioral responses in both animals and humans.
Animal behavior studies have practical implications beyond psychological theories. They aid in understanding stress responses, fostering better animal welfare, and developing humane treatment practices. By closely examining animal responses, scientists can make informed predictions about human behaviors, enhancing our knowledge of mental health conditions and how they can be managed.