Question

______ occurs when the out-group is blamed for the in-group's frustration. a. stereotyping b. in-group bias c. scapegoating d. ageism

Short answer

c. scapegoating

Step-by-step solution

Understand the Key Concepts

Understand the definitions and typical behaviors associated with the four concepts: stereotyping, in-group bias, scapegoating, and ageism. Stereotyping is oversimplified generalization about a group, in-group bias refers to favoritism towards one's own group, ageism refers to prejudice against individuals based on their age, and scapegoating refers to blaming an out-group for the problems or frustrations of an in-group.

Match the Definition with the Concepts

Match the behavior as described in the question - blaming the out-group for the in-group's frustration - with the definitions from Step 1. Here it can be noticed that the behavior fits with the definition of 'scapegoating', since it is explicitly about blaming an out-group for issues within an in-group.

Confirm and Select the Answer

Confirm that none of the other definitions or typical behaviors of stereotyping, in-group bias or ageism fits better with the provided exercise. Once confirmed, this leads to the solution 'c. scapegoating' as it meets the criteria in the question.

Key concepts

In-group Bias

In-group bias is a psychological concept where individuals have a natural preference for their own group over others. It can manifest in many ways, from favoring a sports team, cultural group, to even people within the same workplace. This bias stems from the human tendency to create social categories and then form a strong emotional connection to the group they belong to.

The root of in-group bias lies in the desire for group pride and personal identity, which often results in viewing in-group members as superior or more trustworthy just because they share certain characteristics. This favoritism can sometimes lead to unfair treatment of out-group members, or even hostility. It's important to become aware of this bias so you can strive for behavior based on fairness rather than favoritism.

In everyday life, in-group bias might look like:

• Giving preferential treatment to colleagues from the same hometown.
• Supporting a political proposal simply because it was introduced by someone from one's own political party.
• Forming alliances in schools or workplaces based on common interests or backgrounds.

Being mindful of in-group bias can help foster inclusivity and understanding in diverse communities.

Stereotyping

Stereotyping is the act of assigning generalized beliefs or characteristics to individuals based on their perceived membership in a particular group. This cognitive shortcut is often a simplification of reality, leading to incorrect assumptions about individuals and groups.

Stereotypes are typically negative, but can sometimes be positive. Nevertheless, they are harmful regardless of intention, as they limit our understanding of people as complex, unique individuals. For example, assuming that all elderly people are forgetful, or believing that all teenagers are reckless, does not account for the vast diversity within those age groups.

The problem with stereotyping is that it:

• Reinforces existing prejudices and discrimination.
• Blocks the ability to see individual traits and accomplishments.
• Can lead to the self-fulfilling prophecy where people conform to expectations.

By recognizing and challenging our own stereotypes, we can foster more meaningful interactions and understanding.

Ageism

Ageism involves discrimination or prejudice against individuals based on their age. This can affect people of any age, although it commonly impacts older adults. Ageism can be seen in a variety of settings, such as workplaces, healthcare, and media, often reinforcing harmful stereotypes about aging.

Common manifestations of ageism include:

• Assuming that older workers are less capable or resistant to change.
• Believing young people are inexperienced and therefore not deserving of responsibility.
• Ignoring the voices of certain age groups in decision-making processes.

Ageism can lead to social exclusion and reduced opportunities for affected groups. Counteracting ageism requires us to challenge assumptions about age and to ensure equal rights and opportunities. Promoting intergenerational understanding and respect is key to addressing ageism effectively.