Question

2\. The long-standing traits and patterns that propel individuals to consistently think, feel, and behave in specific ways are known as ______. a. psychodynamic b. temperament c. humors d. personality

Short answer

(d) personality

Step-by-step solution

Identify the Question Topic

The question is asking for the term that refers to long-standing traits and patterns that consistently propel individuals to think, feel, and behave in their own unique ways

Review Each Choice

(a) Psychodynamics is a theoretical perspective in psychology that studies the psychological forces underlying human behaviour, feelings, and emotions. \n (b) Temperament refers to the aspects of an individual's personality, such as introversion or extroversion, that are often regarded as being innate rather than learned. \n (c) Humors were the ancient theory of four bodily fluids (blood, yellow bile, black bile, and phlegm) that affect human behaviour. \n (d) Personality refers to the group of emotional qualities, ways of behaving, etc., that makes a person different from other people, indicating long-standing traits and behavioural patterns.

Choose the Correct Answer

By understanding the definitions, it is clear that 'personality' is the appropriate term that fits the definition given in the question. So the correct answer is (d) personality.

Key concepts

Temperament

Temperament refers to the foundational aspects of an individual's personality. These are innate characteristics, often evident from a young age, that guide how someone typically responds to the environment around them. Unlike personality, which is shaped by experiences and can evolve over a lifetime, temperament is considered more stable and biologically based.

Here are some key characteristics of temperament:

• Innate Nature: Traits that are present from birth and are stable over time.
• Emotional Responses: Includes how easily a person can become excited, angry, or sad.
• Activity Level: Refers to the observable amount of energy and movement.
• Sensitivity: Refers to how easily an individual is affected by their surroundings.

Temperament plays a significant role in shaping a child's interactions with their environment and can influence their future personality. Understanding temperament can help in predicting how individuals might behave in various situations.

Psychodynamic

The psychodynamic theory is a psychological perspective that delves into the dynamic forces that drive human behaviors. Originating from the work of Sigmund Freud, this theory suggests that our behaviors and feelings are profoundly influenced by unconscious motives and early childhood experiences.

Some fundamental principles of the psychodynamic theory include:

• Unconscious Mind: A significant portion of human behavior is controlled by thoughts, memories, and desires outside of our conscious awareness.
• Childhood Experiences: Events and interactions during childhood have a lasting impact on individual behavior and emotional wellbeing.
• Conflict and Defense Mechanisms: Internal conflicts between different aspects of the psyche (such as the id, ego, and superego) often lead to the use of defense mechanisms to reduce anxiety.

By exploring these hidden aspects of the mind, psychodynamic theory aims to help individuals better understand themselves and improve their mental health.

Humors

In ancient medicine and philosophy, the theory of the humors was a prevalent concept. It proposed that human bodily health and emotion were governed by four principal fluids or 'humors': blood, yellow bile, black bile, and phlegm. Ancient Greek physicians, such as Hippocrates, believed that the balance or imbalance of these humors affected both physical health and temperament.

Here's a brief overview of each humor:

• Blood: Linked to a sanguine personality, characterized by a sociable and lively demeanor.
• Yellow Bile: Associated with a choleric temperament, often seen as ambitious and leader-like.
• Black Bile: Thought to cause a melancholic disposition, tending toward a reflective, introverted personality.
• Phlegm: Related to a phlegmatic temperament, which indicates a relaxed, peaceful nature.

Although modern science has advanced far beyond such theories, the concept of humors laid important groundwork for understanding personality and emotional health in the context of early meditative practices.