Question

Identify each of the following descriptions as characteristic of sensory memory (SM), short-term memory (STM), or long-term memory (LTM).Function Temporary storage of new information; interaction with stored information __________ .

Short answer

The given function, which involves temporary storage of new information and interaction with stored information, corresponds to Short-term Memory (STM).

Step-by-step solution

Understanding memory types

Sensory Memory (SM) is a very brief storage of sensory information, usually lasting a few seconds or less. It helps to process incoming information from our senses. Short-term Memory (STM) refers to the temporary storage of information for a short period of time, usually around 20-30 seconds. STM is crucial for the interaction of new information with stored information, including learning and problem-solving tasks. Long-term Memory (LTM) is the vast, relatively permanent storage of information. It can last for a few days to a lifetime, and its capacity is nearly limitless.

Analyzing the given function: Temporary storage of new information; interaction with stored information

This function describes a memory type that temporarily stores new information while also allowing it to interact with already stored information for various cognitive tasks like learning and problem-solving. Based on our understanding of memory types, we can see that the function corresponds to Short-term Memory (STM). Therefore, the answer is: Short-term Memory (STM)

Key concepts

Sensory Memory

Sensory memory is the first stage of memory processing in the human brain. It acts like a buffer for stimuli received through the senses and is extremely short-lived, often lasting only a few seconds. This kind of memory is crucial because it allows us to perceive the environment continuously.

Imagine you're walking through a bustling market, taking in a flood of sights, sounds, and smells. Each sensory input is briefly captured by sensory memory, providing a vital snapshot of the moment. However, not all this information is retained; much of it fades away almost instantly unless it's passed on to further stages of memory.

This type of memory is subdivided into different categories depending on the sense:

• Iconic Memory: Visual sensory memory that holds an image for about 0.5 seconds.
• Echoic Memory: Auditory memory capable of holding sounds for about 3-4 seconds.
• Haptic Memory: Sensory memory related to touch.

The main function of sensory memory is to retain impressions of sensory stimuli just long enough for recognition and passage into short-term memory.

Short-term Memory

Short-term memory (STM) is often likened to a mental workspace where information is temporarily held and manipulated. Typically, STM holds information for about 20-30 seconds, after which it either gets lost or is encoded into long-term memory if it's deemed important enough.

For example, consider that you're dialing a phone number someone has just told you. You hold the number in your short-term memory long enough to complete the task. If you don't rehearse the number or find it significant, it will fade away shortly.

STM is essential for a range of cognitive tasks:

• Problem-solving: allows you to hold and process information simultaneously.
• Learning: involves interacting new information with existing knowledge.
• Decision-making: helps you evaluate options and make choices.

The capacity of short-term memory is limited and is often thought to be around 7±2 items, as proposed by psychologist George A. Miller. This limitation highlights why chunking, or grouping items into larger clusters, can enhance memory.

Long-term Memory

Long-term memory (LTM) is responsible for the storage of information over extended periods, ranging from days to decades. Unlike short-term memory, long-term memory is considered potentially limitless in its capacity to hold information.

Take for instance the ability to recall your birthday as well as significant events from your childhood; these are examples of long-term memories that have stood the test of time.

LTM is categorized into several types:

• Explicit Memory: Also known as declarative memory, which involves the conscious recall of facts and events. It includes episodic memory (personal experiences) and semantic memory (general knowledge).
• Implicit Memory: This involves skills and routines performed without conscious awareness, such as riding a bike or typing on a keyboard.

Encoding new information into long-term memory often involves processes such as rehearsal, elaboration, and the use of mnemonics, which can significantly enhance retention and recall.