Question

After conducting research on personality traits for many years. Professor Torres concludes that traits can be described in terms of five basic factors. Professor Torres agrees with the trait model proposed by: a. Hans Eysenck b. Hermann Rorschach c. Paul costa, Jr. and Robert McCrae d. Raymond Cattell

Short answer

The correct answer is (c) Paul Costa, Jr. and Robert McCrae, as they developed the five-factor model, also known as the "Big Five" model of personality traits, which fits the description given in the question.

Step-by-step solution

Understand the Question

The multiple choice question is asking which personality theorist is associated with the concept that traits can be described using five basic factors. It's important to understand the different propositions each theorist made. Once that is understood, it will be easier to answer the question.

Check each option

a. Hans Eysenck: Eysenck proposed a model which consists of three dimensions of personality (Extraversion, Neuroticism, and Psychoticism). This doesn't fit the five-factor model the question asks for. b. Hermann Rorschach: Rorschach developed the projective psychological test known as the Rorschach inkblot test. This is not a trait theories model, so this doesn’t fit our question. c. Paul Costa, Jr. and Robert McCrae: Costa and McCrae developed the five-factor model, also known as the "Big Five" model of personality traits. This model includes the dimensions of extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism, and openness to experience. This is consistent with the question's description. d. Raymond Cattell: Cattell developed a 16 factor theory of personality, which is different from the five-factor model which is asked in the question.

Choose the correct answer

From the analysis of all these personalities and their theories, it can be concluded that Professor Torres agrees with the trait model proposed by Paul Costa, Jr. and Robert McCrae, as mentioned in the option (c). Therefore, (c) is the correct answer.

Key concepts

Big Five traits

The Big Five traits are a cornerstone in the field of personality psychology. They consist of five broad dimensions that cover a range of human behaviors and personality traits. Each of these dimensions provides a comprehensive perspective on how individuals differ from one another.

• **Extraversion** - This trait features characteristics such as sociability, assertiveness, and a high level of emotional expressiveness. It's often associated with positive emotions and a tendency to seek out social interactions.


• **Agreeableness** - Individuals high in this trait tend to be trusting, kind, and cooperative. They are generally more sympathetic and willing to work collaboratively.


• **Conscientiousness** - This dimension includes attributes like high levels of thoughtfulness, good impulse control, and goal-directed behaviors. Those who score high on conscientiousness tend to be organized and mindful of details.


• **Neuroticism** - This trait is marked by emotional instability, anxiety, moodiness, and irritability. People with high neuroticism often experience mood swings and are more prone to stress.


• **Openness to Experience** - People who score high in this trait are imaginative, curious, and open to new experiences and ideas. They usually appreciate art, adventure, and fantasy.

Understanding these traits helps in predicting behaviors and preferences in various life situations, providing a useful framework for self-awareness and personal growth.

Personality psychology

Personality psychology is a branch of psychology that examines individual differences and unique patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving. It seeks to understand the complexities of human personality and how it influences our actions.
This field studies:

• **Traits and characteristics:** These are enduring qualities that define an individual's personality, such as those found in the Big Five model.


• **Personality types:** Unlike traits, types are categorical, dividing people into specific groups based on common characteristics.


• **Motivation:** Understanding what drives individuals to act and how they pursue their goals is a key area of focus.


• **Development:** Personality psychology explores how personality develops over time and across different life stages.

By investigating these aspects, personality psychology provides insights into how our personalities shape who we are and affects every facet of our lives, from career choices to relationships.

Costa and McCrae

Paul Costa, Jr. and Robert McCrae are renowned for their groundbreaking work in personality psychology, notably their development of the Five-Factor Model. This model, also known as the Big Five, is central to understanding personality structures.
**Historical Context** Costa and McCrae's collaboration began in the mid-1970s, and their work was instrumental in establishing a clear, structured approach to trait theory.
**Development of the Five-Factor Model** Their research included extensive empirical studies that rigorously tested and validated the dimensions of personality traits. The model advocated by Costa and McCrae became one of the most widely used frameworks for assessing personality.
**Impact on Academic and Practical Domains** The Five-Factor Model, thanks to Costa and McCrae's work, is utilized in various areas, from psychological research and therapy to workplace assessments. Their contribution has significantly influenced how professionals understand and interpret personality in both theoretical and applied settings.