Question

Which of the following is a strong argument against the medical perspective on abnormality? a. Physiological abnormalities are almost always impossible to identify. b. There is no conclusive way to link past experience and behavior. c. The medical perspective rests too heavily on the effects of nutrition. d. Assigning behavior to a physical problem takes responsibility away from the individual for changing his or her behavior.

Short answer

(d). Assigning behavior to a physical problem takes responsibility away from the individual for changing his or her behavior.

Step-by-step solution

Understand the medical perspective on abnormality

The medical model of abnormal psychology treats psychological disorders in the same way as a broken arm, i.e. there is thought to be a physical cause. This model has been adopted by psychiatrists rather than psychologists.

Analyze each argument

Analyze each of the four statements provided. (a) may be considered a valid point, but it is not specific to the medical perspective. (b) does not specifically critique the medical perspective. (c) is technically correct, but the connection to nutrition isn't implied in the medical perspective to abnormality. (d) does directly critique the medical model as it addresses the fact that attributing behavior to a physical problem might excuse the person from ownership and responsibility of their behaviors and actions.

Choose the strongest argument against the medical perspective

Based on the analysis in Step 2, the strongest argument against the medical perspective on abnormality is (d). Assigning behavior to a physical problem takes responsibility away from the individual for changing his or her behavior.

Key concepts

Psychological Disorders

Psychological disorders are conditions that affect an individual's thinking, feeling, mood, or behavior. They are seen as patterns of behavioral or psychological symptoms that impact multiple areas of life. These symptoms can create distress not only for the person experiencing them but also for those around them.
To identify psychological disorders, mental health professionals refer to diagnostic criteria outlined in references like the DSM-5 (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition). This guide helps in classifying and diagnosing psychological disorders primarily by understanding the clusters of symptoms that define different disorders.

• Anxiety disorders, characterized by excessive fear or worry.
• Mood disorders, such as depression and bipolar disorder.
• Schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders, involving distorted thinking and awareness.
• Personality disorders, which involve enduring maladaptive patterns of behavior, cognition, and inner experience.

Understanding psychological disorders involves acknowledging the impact they have on daily functioning and the role of various treatment options, such as therapy and medication, in managing these disorders.

Medical Model

The medical model views psychological disorders as illnesses that have a biological origin, much like physical ailments such as diabetes or a broken bone. This idea suggests that psychological issues can be understood in terms of biological processes and changes in the brain.
The medical model is often employed in psychiatry, wherein the approach helps in diagnosing these disorders by identifying symptoms and matching them to specific medical conditions. It emphasizes:

• Biological factors, such as genetics or neurochemical imbalances.
• Physical treatments, which might include medications.
• Objective diagnoses, using observable signs and symptoms.

However, one critique of this model is that it tends to place less emphasis on the individual's responsibility in managing their behavior. This can sometimes lead to people feeling less in control over their actions, as the focus is heavily on the physiological aspects rather than psychological or social influences.

Psychiatry

Psychiatry is a branch of medicine focused on the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders. Psychiatrists are medical doctors who have specialized training in mental health. They use their medical background to understand the complex interactions between mental and physical health.
Psychiatrists may treat patients using a variety of approaches:

• Medication management to help balance chemicals in the brain.
• Therapy to provide psychological support.
• Comprehensive treatment plans that address both mental and physical health needs.

The medical model heavily influences psychiatry through its focus on biological and neurological underpinnings of disorders. This approach has allowed for significant progress in treatments, though it may not fully encompass all factors, such as environmental or personal history, that contribute to psychological disorders.

Behavior Change Responsibility

Behavior change responsibility refers to the accountability individuals have towards their actions and the effort to modify any maladaptive behaviors. Under the medical model's perspective, behavior can sometimes be too easily attributed to biological causes, possibly undermining the aspect of personal responsibility in managing one's actions.
It's crucial for individuals to recognize their power in making choices that influence their behavior and symptoms. This perspective encourages people not just to rely on medical treatments but also to:

• Engage in self-reflection and recognize the role of personal experiences and choices.
• Utilize behavioral therapies aimed at developing coping strategies and new habits.
• Encourage lifestyle changes that support mental health, such as regular exercise, healthy eating, and stress management techniques.

By balancing the insights from the medical model with personal responsibility, individuals can work towards effective management of their psychological disorders, promoting a sense of empowerment and self-efficacy.