Question

__________ is the name of the scientist responsible for discovering the learning phenomenon known as _________ conditioning, whereby an organism learns a response to a stimulus to which it normally would not respond.

Short answer

The scientist is Ivan Pavlov and the learning phenomenon is classical conditioning.

Step-by-step solution

Identifying the Scientist

First, think about the famous learning theories that you have learned and who the authors of those theories are. In this case, the keywords 'learning phenomenon' and 'organism learns a response to a stimulus' are indicative of a famous behavioral experiment form the history of psychology.

Identifying the Learned Phenomenon

Next, recall the learning phenomena associated with well-known scientists. The idea of an organism learning a response to a stimulus it wouldn’t normally respond to should make you think of the concept of 'conditioning'.

Filling the blanks

Given these two points, the name of the scientist should be Ivan Pavlov and the learning phenomenon is classical conditioning.

Key concepts

Ivan Pavlov

The roots of classical conditioning can be traced back to the pioneering work of a Russian physiologist named Ivan Pavlov. Towards the end of the 19th century, Pavlov conducted a renowned series of experiments which laid the foundation for one of the major pillars of behavioral psychology. Pavlov initially studied the physiology of digestion in dogs and observed that they would salivate not only when food was presented, but also when they anticipated its arrival, such as upon seeing the lab assistant who fed them. Intrigued by this observation, Pavlov shifted his focus to the study of this anticipatory response, eventually leading to his groundbreaking experiments on conditioned reflexes.

An important aspect of Pavlov's works was his meticulous approach to research and his use of objective measures to study the dogs' responses. He innovated the experimental procedure by introducing controlled stimuli, such as the sound of a metronome, which had no natural connection to salivation but came to elicit the response after being paired with the presentation of food - a process Pavlov termed 'conditioning'. Throughout his research, Pavlov maintained a keen interest in the underlying mechanisms, often exploring the physiological processes behind these learned behaviors.

Behavioral Experiment

Behavioral experiments are crucial tools utilized within the field of psychology to study learning, reactions, and behaviors in organisms. Pavlov's classical conditioning experiment is an exemplary model of such an approach. In his setup, Pavlov paired a neutral stimulus, such as a bell, with an unconditioned stimulus, like food, which naturally elicited an unconditioned response, namely salivation.

After repeated pairings, the previously neutral stimulus (now the conditioned stimulus) alone could evoke a similar response – called the conditioned response, in this case, salivation, despite the absence of food. This learning process was not by chance - it was systematic, observable, and repeatable, making it a milestone in behavioral science. Pavlov's work underscored the importance of controlled environments and repeatable procedures in experiments, aspects that are also critical in modern psychological research and practice. Equally, understanding the ethical treatment of subjects in behavioral experiments has evolved substantially since Pavlov's time, with current guidelines ensuring the welfare of both human and animal participants.

Learning Theories

The interpretations drawn from Pavlov's classical conditioning experiment have significantly influenced the development of various learning theories. These theories explain how organisms absorb, process, and retain knowledge during learning. Classical conditioning itself is a type of associative learning where an organism learns to connect or associate stimuli.

Beyond classical conditioning, other significant learning theories include operant conditioning, formulated by B.F. Skinner, which involves learning from the consequences of behavior, and Bandura's social learning theory, highlighting the role of observation and imitation. These theories underpin many educational practices and therapeutic techniques used today. For instance, they inform teaching strategies to help with the association of facts and concepts, and they are used in behavior modification therapies. Furthermore, understanding these theories fosters better comprehension of various aspects of human and animal behavior, such as phobias and habits, by highlighting how they can be learned and, in some cases, unlearned.