Question

The negative (or positive) evaluation of a group and its members is called a. Stereotyping b. Prejudice c. Self-fulfilling prophecy A. Discrimination

Short answer

The correct answer is b. Prejudice.

Step-by-step solution

Define Terms

Firstly, understand the definitions of all four terms. Stereotyping is categorizing individuals based on preconceived perceptions regarding their group or class. Prejudice is an uncalled-for attitude, typically negative, towards an individual solely based on their group, class, or category. A self-fulfilling prophecy is a belief or expectation that influences individuals to perform in ways that make the belief come true. Discrimination is unequal treatment of individuals based on their belonging to a certain group or category.

Match Definition

Secondly, match the definitions to the provided statement - 'The negative (or positive) evaluation of a group and its members'. From the definitions, this statement is referring to the concept of Prejudice, where individuals hold negative (or positive) views towards a group and its members without any substantiated reason.

Key concepts

Stereotyping

When we talk about stereotyping, we refer to a process where individuals assign certain characteristics, behaviors, or roles to others solely based on their membership in a particular group, without considering the individuality of each group member. Stereotypes often stem from societal norms, cultural contexts, or even media portrayals and can be about race, gender, age, occupation, or any other distinctive category. For instance, a common stereotype might be the idea that 'all teenagers are rebellious' or 'all elderly people are frail'.

While stereotypes can sometimes seem harmless or even positive, they are harmful because they restrict people to overgeneralized and often incorrect assumptions, which can lead to unfair treatment or expectations. It is crucial to recognize that everyone is unique and that attributes associated with stereotypes do not apply to all members of a group.

• Recognize that stereotypes are overgeneralizations
• Understand the harm in reducing individuals to group characteristics
• Acknowledge individual differences that challenge stereotypes

Self-Fulfilling Prophecy

A self-fulfilling prophecy occurs when an initially incorrect expectation leads to actions that cause the expectation to come true. This concept is essential when understanding social interactions because it reveals how beliefs and expectations can shape reality. For example, if a teacher believes that certain students are high achievers, they might give those students more attention and encouragement, leading those students to perform better, thus confirming the teacher's original belief.

It demonstrates the power of mindset and expectations and their ability to influence outcomes in life. To mitigate the impact of self-fulfilling prophecies, individuals need to be aware of their expectations and strive to base their actions on objective reality rather than preconceived notions.

• Be aware of how expectations influence behavior
• Question and verify the validity of initial expectations
• Avoid acting on assumptions to prevent biased outcomes

Discrimination

Discrimination is an unjust or prejudicial treatment of different categories of people, particularly on the grounds of race, age, sex, or disability. It occurs when action is taken against a person or a group based on class or category rather than individual merit. Discrimination can manifest in many areas of life, including employment, education, housing, and access to public services.

It is important to distinguish between personal prejudices and institutional discrimination, where the latter refers to policies or practices within organizations or social structures that disadvantage certain groups. Combatting discrimination requires stringent laws, inclusive policies, and a broad societal commitment to equality.

• Understand the difference between personal bias and systemic discrimination
• Recognize the impact of discrimination on individuals and society
• Promote fairness and equality in everyday interactions and institutional policies