Question

Erikson's theory of ________ development involves a series of eight stages, each of which must be resolved for a person to develop optimally.

Short answer

The missing word is 'psychosocial'. Erikson's theory is called the theory of psychosocial development.

Step-by-step solution

Note the Theorist and His Theory

Recognize the theorist mentioned, Erik Erikson. He is known for his work in developmental psychology.

Understand the Theory

Take into account that Erikson's theory advocates for a lifespan model of development, taking the entire human life cycle into account, rather than focusing solely on childhood. His theory has eight distinct stages.

Fill in the Blank

Based on Erik Erikson's work and considering the structure of the question, the missing term should be 'psychosocial'. Erikson's theory is often referred to as the stages of psychosocial development.

Key concepts

Understanding Developmental Psychology

Developmental psychology is a branch of psychology that explores growth, change, and consistency throughout the human life span. This field examines how thinking, feeling, and behaviors change during a person’s life.

A core component of this discipline is to understand how individuals mature and the factors that influence their development. Influences may include genetic factors, physical growth, cognitive skills, and social interactions. Developmental psychology seeks to answer how a person's upbringing, experiences, and culture shapes their development from infancy through old age.

The knowledge gained from developmental psychology plays a crucial role in many practical areas, such as improving education systems, shaping better healthcare policies, and informing legal matters concerning minors. It empowers educators, caregivers, and policymakers with tools to support healthy development.

Exploring the Lifespan Model of Development

The lifespan model of development is an approach that views human development as a lifelong process, extending from conception to old age and death. This perspective emphasizes the importance of understanding developmental changes throughout the entire life course, in contrast to theories that focus solely on early life stages.

A key insight of the lifespan perspective is that individuals keep developing and adapting to their environments at every age. It also acknowledges that personal and societal influences can play a role in development, and that experiences in earlier stages can impact later outcomes.

From learning new skills to adapting to loss or changes in personal identity, the lifespan model helps to frame these experiences within the broader context of an entire life. This holistic view provides a more comprehensive understanding of how people evolve over time.

Unpacking the Stages of Psychosocial Development

Erikson's theory of psychosocial development outlines eight sequential stages that individuals pass through from infancy to adulthood. Each stage presents a conflict that individuals must resolve to develop a sense of mastery.

Trust vs. Mistrust

This stage occurs in infancy. Children develop a sense of trust when caregivers provide reliable care and affection. A lack of this will lead to mistrust.

Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt

Occurring in early childhood, this stage is about developing a sense of personal control over physical skills and a sense of independence.

Initiative vs. Guilt

During preschool years, children assert themselves more frequently. Successfully finding a balance between initiative and guilt will lead to a sense of purpose.

Industry vs. Inferiority

Occurring during school age, this stage focuses on coping with new social and academic demands. Success leads to a sense of competence.

Ego Identity vs. Role Confusion

During adolescence, the transition from childhood to adulthood is most important. Teens need to develop a sense of self and personal identity.

Intimacy vs. Isolation

Young adults need to form intimate, loving relationships with others. Without this, they risk feeling isolated.

Generativity vs. Stagnation

During middle adulthood, individuals establish careers, settle down within relationships, begin their own families, and develop a sense of being a part of the bigger picture.

Ego Integrity vs. Despair

As individuals grow older and become seniors, they tend to look back on their life. This stage involves reflecting on one's life and feeling either a sense of fulfillment or a sense of regret.

The ability to successfully complete each stage leads to a solid foundation and the development of virtues important to well-being. Failure to successfully navigate these stages can result in feelings of inadequacy.