Question

Thinking of an object only in terms of its typical use is known as _____________ _______________ A broader, related tendency for old problem- solving patterns to persist is known as a ____________ ___________,

Short answer

The answers are 'Functional Fixedness' for the first blank and 'Mental Set' for the second blank.

Step-by-step solution

Identify the first blank

The phrase 'Thinking of an object only in terms of its typical use' refers to a psychological term known as functional fixedness. This term describes the inclination to fixate on an object's common function and thus to overlook or fail to conceive of novel uses.

Identify the second blank

The second part is defining a broader and related tendency that insists on retaining old problem-solving patterns. This psychological term is 'mental set'. A mental set is a type of cognitive obstacle where an individual or group has a propensity to utilize approaches that have worked in the past instead of considering potentially more effective strategies.

Key concepts

Mental Set

A mental set can be understood as a habitual approach to solving problems, based on past experiences and successes. It's a bit like having a favorite tool and trying to use it for every repair, even when it might not be the most suitable choice.

A mental set is exemplified when an individual consistently uses the same solution for a problem that is similar to one previously encountered. However, this approach may not always be effective, as each problem typically requires a unique solution. The issue with relying on a mental set is that it can prevent the recognition of more efficient or novel solutions, leading to a cognitive obstacle in problem-solving.

An example of this is when a mathematician only uses algebraic methods for solving math problems, even when a simple arithmetic solution exists. This demonstrates how mental sets can impede our ability to approach problems from different angles and find simpler or more efficient solutions.

Problem-Solving

Problem-solving is a critical cognitive skill that involves identifying, analyzing, and resolving issues using appropriate strategies. It's a complex process that can be impacted by various factors, such as knowledge, experience, creativity, and cognitive biases.

The steps typically involved in effective problem-solving include defining the problem, generating potential solutions, evaluating and selecting the best solution, and finally implementing the solution. Successful problem-solving requires flexibility, adaptability, and often a bit of creativity to overcome challenges that may arise.

Teachers and educators can encourage students to enhance their problem-solving skills by introducing them to a variety of strategies and encouraging them to approach problems from different perspectives. Additionally, real-world problem-solving activities can offer students practical experiences that help them to apply their skills in various contexts, fostering more adaptable and skilled problem-solvers.

Cognitive Obstacle

Cognitive obstacles are the mental barriers that prevent us from solving problems effectively. These can take many forms, such as previously mentioned functional fixedness and mental sets, biases, assumptions, and lack of knowledge or resources.

Overcoming cognitive obstacles often requires conscious effort. It might involve challenging our usual ways of thinking, gaining new information, or simply taking a step back to look at the problem from a fresh perspective. Teaching students to recognize when they are facing a cognitive obstacle is a valuable skill, which can lead to more efficient and innovative ways of thinking and problem-solving.

Strategies to overcome cognitive obstacles include brainstorming, lateral thinking exercises, and exposing oneself to a broad range of ideas and disciplines. By developing a growth mindset and embracing the idea that skills and intelligence can be developed, students can learn to persevere through difficult problems and become more adept at navigating the complex range of cognitive challenges they might encounter.