Question

Explain how preschool-age children develop a moral sense. Piaget believed that preschool-age children are in the heteronomous morality stage of moral development, characterized by a belief in external, unchangeable rules of conduct and sure, immediate punishment for all misdeeds. In contrast, social learning approaches to morality emphasize interactions between environment and behavior in moral development, in which models of behavior play an important role. Some developmentalists believe that moral behavior is rooted in a child's development of empathy. Other emotions, including the negative emotions of anger and shame, may also promote moral behavior.

Short answer

Preschool-age children develop a sense of morality through Piaget's heteronomous morality stage, which emphasizes external and unalterable rules; through social learning approaches which underline the influence of the environment and behavior, particularly behavior modeling; and through emotional development, with a focus on the development of empathy and reactions to emotions such as anger and shame.

Step-by-step solution

Understanding Piaget's Theory

Piaget, a renowned psychologist, proposed that preschool-age kids are in the 'heteronomous morality' phase. In this phase, children believe in the existence of absolute rules of conduct that are independent and unalterable. They also believe in certain, immediate punishment for any wrongdoing. It's essential to note that, at this stage, children's sense of morality is greatly controlled by outside forces.

Unpacking Social Learning Approaches

Social learning approaches, on the other hand, stress the interaction between environment and behavior in moral development. The theory suggests that societal and environmental aspects hugely influence a child's moral growth. Particularly, behavioral models like parents, peers, and teachers play a considerable role in shaping morality in children.

Role of Empathy and Other Emotions

Some developmentalists advocate for the belief that a child's development of empathy significantly contributes to their moral behavior. Empathy can foster understanding and consideration for others, which are key tenets of morality. Additionally, other emotions such as anger and shame, might also encourage moral behavior since children wish to avoid negative feelings.

Summary of the Moral Development in Children

In summary, preschool-age children develop their sense of morality through different stages and methods, which involve the interplay of many factors. These include external rules of conduct (heteronomous morality), influence from the environment and behavior (social learning approach), and emotional development (particularly empathy, anger, and shame).

Key concepts

Piaget's Theory: Heteronomous Morality in Young Minds

Jean Piaget, a pioneering psychologist, contributed significantly to our understanding of moral development in children. Focusing on preschool-age children, Piaget described a stage he called 'heteronomous morality.' At this phase, children believe that moral rules are set in stone and derive from external sources of authority, like adults.
Children perceive these rules as unchangeable and must be followed strictly. An interesting observation by Piaget was that children in this stage expect immediate consequences for breaking rules, often thinking that punishment is a certain outcome.
External influences are predominant at this stage, meaning that a child's moral compass is mainly guided by adults and their environment rather than by their understanding.

• Belief in rigid and external rules.
• Expectation of immediate punishment for wrongdoings.
• Morality guided by authority figures.

Social Learning Theory and Environmental Influence

Social learning theory offers a different perspective on moral development compared to Piaget's views. This theory posits that a child’s moral growth is significantly influenced by their interactions with the environment, especially through observing and imitating others.
Children learn what behaviors are considered right or wrong by watching those around them, such as family members, teachers, and peers. These role models are crucial, as their behavior provides a template for children to follow.
Through repeated observation and imitation, children gradually incorporate these behaviors into their repertoire, developing their moral understanding and behavioral norms.

• Influence of observing role models such as parents and teachers.
• Imitation as a means of learning moral behavior.
• Societal norms and customs shape a child's sense of right and wrong.

Empathy in Children and Emotional Foundations of Morality

Empathy, the ability to understand and share the feelings of others, plays a critical role in the moral development of a child. As children grow, they begin to recognize and respond to the emotions of those around them, which fosters the development of empathy.
Empathy encourages prosocial behavior, as children learn to care for and help others, reflecting fundamental moral principles.
Additionally, negative emotions such as anger and shame also contribute to moral development. Experiencing these feelings can prompt children to adjust their actions to avoid negative outcomes, guiding them toward moral behaviors.

• Understanding and sharing emotions with others.
• Encouragement of caring and helpful behavior.
• Negative emotions may guide children towards correcting behavior.