Question

Explain how preschool-age children develop a concept of themselves. According to Erikson's psychosocial development theory, preschool-age children move from the autonomy-versusshame-and-doubt stage (18 months to 3 years) to the initiative-versus-guilt stage (ages 3 to 6 ). Preschoolers' selfconcepts are formed partly from their own perceptions and estimations of their characteristics, partly from their parents' behavior toward them, and partly from cultural influences.

Short answer

Preschool-age children develop their self-concept through stages of Erikson's psychosocial development theory, their own self-perception, the behavior of their parents towards them, and cultural influences. They move from autonomy-versus-shame-and-doubt stage (18 months-3 years) to initiative-versus-guilt stage (ages 3-6), forming their self-concept partly from their own perceptions and partly from external feedback.

Step-by-step solution

Understanding Erikson's psychosocial development theory

Erikson's theory of psychosocial development suggests that children move from the autonomy-versus-shame-and-doubt stage (18 months to 3 years) to the initiative-versus-guilt stage (ages 3 to 6). At this stage, toddlers start to assert their sense of independence, and when encouraged, they feel secure and confident, but when discouraged, they feel ashamed and doubt their abilities.

Self-perception development in preschool-age children

Preschoolers' self-concepts are partially formed from their own perceptions and estimates of their characteristics. This includes their ability to undertake and complete tasks successfully, their physical appearance, their interaction with their peers etc. These perceptions play a critical role in building their self-concept.

Parental Influence on a child's self-concept

The behaviour and attitude of parents towards their children has considerable influence on children's self-concept. Parent's nurturing attitude and positive feedback can instill confidence, initiative and a sense of capability within children.

Cultural and societal influence on a child's self-concept

The cultural environment in which children grow also influences their self-concept. The behaviors, ideas, and attitudes valued by their culture can shape how they view and value themselves.

Key concepts

Erikson's psychosocial theory

Erikson's psychosocial theory is a framework for understanding human development throughout the lifespan. One important aspect of this theory involves preschool children as they journey from one stage to another. During this period, children transition from the autonomy-versus-shame-and-doubt stage to the initiative-versus-guilt stage. In the autonomy-versus-shame-and-doubt stage, children start to explore their environment independently. They are developing a sense of personal control and a feeling of autonomy.
Moving into the next stage, initiative-versus-guilt, preschool-aged children (ages 3 to 6) begin to assert themselves more frequently. They are curious and eager to try new things. If supported, children feel confident in their ability to lead and make decisions. However, if criticized or controlled too harshly, they might develop feelings of guilt about their desires and decisions. This progression highlights the importance of encouraging exploration and supporting a child’s growing independence to foster healthy psychosocial development.

Self-concept in preschoolers

A child's self-concept is their internal understanding of "who they are," encompassing various attributes and characteristics they might recognize about themselves. For preschoolers, self-concept begins to form as they navigate and interact with their world. This includes their ideas about their abilities, their appearance, and their social capabilities. These insights help shape how they view their role among peers and family.
Preschool children engage in activities that allow them to experience success, which contributes to positive self-concept. For example, successfully building a block tower or drawing a picture can lead to a sense of competence. As such, providing opportunities for toddlers to experience achievement can greatly build a supportive self-concept.

• External feedback from peers and adults plays a vital role in shaping this self-view.
• Engagement in pretend play and taking on roles also helps them define their abilities and who they are perceived to be.

Parental influence on child development

Parents play a critical role in shaping their child's development, and this influence is particularly significant when it comes to the formation of a child's self-concept. Parental behavior includes nurturing, providing feedback, and setting boundaries, all of which can profoundly affect a child's confidence and sense of self.
When parents encourage and praise their children's efforts, children gain a sense of competence and initiative. This positive reinforcement can help children feel valued and capable.

• Consistent support helps build a secure base from which children can explore their environment.
• Conversely, harsh criticism or neglect can lead to feelings of inadequacy and doubt within children.

The encouragement of exploration, self-expression, and the recognition of achievements, big or small, can foster a positive and healthy self-concept in preschool-aged children.

Cultural influence on child development

Culture significantly influences how a child perceives themselves and their world. Cultural norms, values, and beliefs shape the environment in which children are raised, influencing their self-concept development. This includes ideas about what behaviors are deemed acceptable, what achievements are valued, and the roles that individuals play within the community.
Children learn from observing and participating in cultural practices. These practices provide a framework for understanding themselves and their relationship to the larger society.

• The values instilled through cultural practices can impact how children value themselves and measure their successes.
• For example, in cultures that prioritize community over individual success, children might learn to prioritize group harmony and interdependence.

Cultural storytelling, traditions, and communal activities are ways children develop an understanding of cultural values and consequently form their own identities within their social contexts.