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A parallel-plate capacitor with only air between the plates is charged by connecting it to a battery. The capacitor is then disconnected from the battery, without any of the charge leaving the plates. (a) A voltmeter reads 45.0 V when placed across the capacitor. When a dielectric is inserted between the plates, completely filling the space, the voltmeter reads 11.5 V. What is the dielectric constant of this material? (b) What will the voltmeter read if the dielectric is now pulled partway out so it fills only one-third of the space between the plates?

Short Answer

Expert verified
(a) Dielectric constant is approximately 3.91. (b) Voltmeter reads about 22.83 V.

Step by step solution

01

Understand the concept

A parallel-plate capacitor stores charge, and its voltage depends on the capacitance. The dielectric constant changes the capacitance when inserted between the plates. This affects the voltage across the capacitor.
02

Initial Conditions

Initially, the voltage across the capacitor is 45.0 V with no dielectric present.
03

Effect of Inserting Dielectric

When a dielectric is inserted, the new voltage becomes 11.5 V. The relationship involving the original voltage (V0), the new voltage (V), and the dielectric constant (k) is:V=V0k.
04

Calculate Dielectric Constant

Rearranging the equation to solve for k:k=V0V=45.011.5Calculate k to find the dielectric constant.
05

Solve for Dielectric Constant

Calculate k=45.011.5=3.913. Thus, the dielectric constant k is approximately 3.91.
06

Partial Removal of Dielectric

If the dielectric fills one-third of the space, the capacitance is a combination of the dielectric-filled and air-filled sections. The equation becomes:Vnew=3CV0k+2, where C is the capacitance without dielectric, V0 is the original voltage, and k is the dielectric constant.
07

Calculate New Voltage

Substitute k=3.913 into the equation:Vnew=345.03.913+2=1355.913.Calculate Vnew to find the new voltage after partial removal of the dielectric.
08

Solve for New Voltage

Calculate Vnew=1355.91322.83. Thus, the voltmeter will read approximately 22.83 V.

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Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

Parallel-Plate Capacitor
A parallel-plate capacitor is an essential component in electronics that stores electrical energy. It's made of two conductive plates placed close to each other, separated by an insulating material or vacuum. These plates accumulate opposite charges when connected to a power source, like a battery. The separation between the plates prevents the current from directly flowing between them, thus enabling the capacitor to store energy. The ability to store this energy makes capacitors vital for various applications, such as filtering signals in electronic devices. The parallel-plate capacitor is also fundamental in understanding electric fields and potential differences. When connected to a voltage source, an electric field develops between the plates. The amount of charge stored and the voltage across the capacitor can be influenced by the properties of the insulator placed between the plates.
Capacitance
Capacitance is a measure of a capacitor's ability to store charge per unit voltage. This property depends not only on the physical characteristics of the capacitor itself, such as the surface area of the plates and the distance between them, but also on the properties of any material (or dielectric) placed between them.When you introduce a dielectric material between the plates of a capacitor, it enhances the capacitance. This is because the dielectric reduces the electric field within the capacitor, allowing it to store more charge for the same applied voltage. This relationship between the dielectric and capacitance is expressed by the equation:
  • C=ε0εrAd
Where C is the capacitance, ε0 is the permittivity of free space, εr is the relative permittivity or dielectric constant, A is the area of the plates, and d is the distance between them.Understanding capacitance is crucial for designing and applying capacitors in various technologies, ranging from stabilizing power supplies to tuning radios.
Voltage
Voltage is the measure of electrical potential difference between two points in a circuit. In the context of a capacitor, it refers to the potential difference across the plates that allows the storage and discharge of electric energy. When it comes to a parallel-plate capacitor, the voltage is influenced by many factors, including the amount of charge stored and the presence of a dielectric. Initially, without any dielectric, the capacitor is charged to a certain voltage level. Upon inserting a dielectric, the voltage across the capacitor decreases, as the material's dielectric constant reduces the electric field, and thus the potential difference for a given amount of charge. The importance of understanding how a dielectric affects voltage lies in its applications. It allows engineers and scientists to design capacitors that can efficiently handle various voltages and store higher amounts of energy. Moreover, voltage readings from a voltmeter give insight into the effectiveness of the dielectric material used, aiding in selecting the right material for specific applications.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

When a 360-nF air capacitor (11 nF = 109 F) is connected to a power supply, the energy stored in the capacitor is 1.85 × 105 J. While the capacitor is kept connected to the power supply, a slab of dielectric is inserted that completely fills the space between the plates. This increases the stored energy by 2.32 × 105 J. (a) What is the potential difference between the capacitor plates? (b) What is the dielectric constant of the slab?

A parallel-plate air capacitor of capacitance 245 pF has a charge of magnitude 0.148 μC on each plate. The plates are 0.328 mm apart. (a) What is the potential difference between the plates? (b) What is the area of each plate? (c) What is the electricfield magnitude between the plates? (d) What is the surface charge density on each plate?

A cylindrical capacitor has an inner conductor of radius 2.2 mm and an outer conductor of radius 3.5 mm. The two conductors are separated by vacuum, and the entire capacitor is 2.8 m long. (a) What is the capacitance per unit length? (b) The potential of the inner conductor is 350 mV higher than that of the outer conductor. Find the charge (magnitude and sign) on both conductors.

Cell membranes (the walled enclosure around a cell) are typically about 7.5 nm thick. They are partially permeable to allow charged material to pass in and out, as needed. Equal but opposite charge densities build up on the inside and outside faces of such a membrane, and these charges prevent additional charges from passing through the cell wall. We can model a cell membrane as a parallel-plate capacitor, with the membrane itself containing proteins embedded in an organic material to give the membrane a dielectric constant of about 10. (See Fig. P24.48.) (a) What is the capacitance per square centimeter of such a cell wall? (b) In its normal resting state, a cell has a potential difference of 85 mV across its membrane. What is the electric field inside this membrane?

A 20.0-μF capacitor is charged to a potential difference of 800 V. The terminals of the charged capacitor are then connected to those of an uncharged 10.0-μF capacitor. Compute (a) the original charge of the system, (b) the final potential difference across each capacitor, (c) the final energy of the system, and (d) the decrease in energy when the capacitors are connected.

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