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A diesel engine performs 2200 J of mechanical work and discards 4300 J of heat each cycle. (a) How much heat must be supplied to the engine in each cycle? (b) What is the thermal efficiency of the engine?

Short Answer

Expert verified
(a) 6500 J, (b) 33.85% efficiency.

Step by step solution

01

Understand the Problem

We have a diesel engine performing mechanical work and losing some heat. We need to find out how much heat energy was supplied to it and its thermal efficiency.
02

Identify Known Values

The engine performs 2200 J of work, and 4300 J of heat is discarded in each cycle. The heat supplied to the engine is unknown.
03

Apply the First Law of Thermodynamics

According to the first law of thermodynamics, the heat supplied (Q_{in}) must equal the sum of the work done (W) and the heat discarded (Q_{out}):\[ Q_{in} = W + Q_{out} \]Substitute the given values:\[ Q_{in} = 2200 \, \text{J} + 4300 \, \text{J} \]
04

Calculate Heat Supplied

Perform the calculation from the previous step:\[ Q_{in} = 2200 \, \text{J} + 4300 \, \text{J} = 6500 \, \text{J} \]So, 6500 J of heat must be supplied to the engine in each cycle.
05

Formula for Thermal Efficiency

Thermal efficiency (\eta) is the ratio of the work done by the engine to the heat supplied to it, given by:\[ \eta = \frac{W}{Q_{in}} \]
06

Calculate Thermal Efficiency

Substitute the known values into the efficiency equation:\[ \eta = \frac{2200 \, \text{J}}{6500 \, \text{J}} \approx 0.3385 \]Convert it to percentage:\[ \eta \times 100\% \approx 33.85\% \]
07

Finalize the Solution

The heat supplied to the engine is 6500 J, and its thermal efficiency is approximately 33.85%.

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Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

First Law of Thermodynamics
The First Law of Thermodynamics is a fundamental principle in physics that addresses how energy is conserved within a system. It is essentially a restatement of the law of conservation of energy. This law posits that energy can neither be created nor destroyed, only transformed from one form to another. In the context of engines, such as a diesel engine, this transformation usually occurs between heat energy and mechanical energy.

For a working engine, the energy input is heat energy (often from burning fuel), and the output includes mechanical work and heat lost to the surroundings. Mathematically, the First Law of Thermodynamics for a closed cycle is expressed as:
  • The heat added to the system, denoted as \( Q_{in} \), equals the work done by the system, \( W \), plus the heat lost, \( Q_{out} \): \[ Q_{in} = W + Q_{out} \]
This equation ensures that all energy introduced into the system is accounted for as either work or heat loss. It is a vital concept in determining the efficiency of thermal systems.
Diesel Engine
A diesel engine is a type of internal combustion engine noted for its higher efficiency compared to gasoline engines. It converts the chemical energy in diesel fuel into mechanical energy that can do work, like moving a vehicle or powering machinery. Diesel engines work on a cycle that involves:
  • Intake of air and fuel mixture
  • Compression of the mixture
  • Ignition and expansion that does mechanical work
  • Exhaust of combustion gases
Key to their operation is the compression phase, where the air-fuel mixture is compressed to high pressures, raising its temperature until it combusts spontaneously (without a spark plug).
This process is efficient because of the high compression ratio, meaning the engine can extract more energy per unit of fuel than a gasoline engine, thus running with better thermal efficiency. The diesel engine continually converts heat into mechanical work, which is analyzed using the principles discussed in the First Law of Thermodynamics.
Mechanical Work
Mechanical work in the context of engines refers to the useful energy output generated by the engine that can be used to perform tasks, such as moving a car or generating electricity. In engines, work is produced during the power or expansion stroke when the burning fuel-air mixture pushes the piston down the cylinder.

The mechanical work done by an engine can be calculated by using the formula:
  • Mechanical Work (\( W \)) is the result of converting heat energy from fuel (or from another form) into kinetic energy:
    For the diesel engine in our example:\( W = 2200 \, \text{J} \)
The mechanical work is one of the components in determining the engine's efficiency and also helps apply the First Law of Thermodynamics to examine energy usage.
Heat Transfer
Heat transfer in engines is the movement of thermal energy resulting from a difference in temperature between the engine and its surroundings. In diesel engines, heat transfer plays a crucial role, as it affects the efficiency and performance. There are generally three modes of heat transfer:
  • Conduction: Heat flows through materials.
  • Convection: Heat circulates through fluids like air or water.
  • Radiation: Heat radiates from hot surfaces like an engine block.
In the working cycle of a diesel engine, not all heat energy can be converted into mechanical work. A significant portion is discarded as waste heat, which is accounted for using the First Law of Thermodynamics (\( Q_{out} \)). Efficient heat management helps in maximizing work done and improving thermal efficiency. This involves maintaining optimal heat transfer to achieve balance between engine power and waste heat.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

Compare the entropy change of the warmer water to that of the colder water during one cycle of the heat engine, assuming an ideal Carnot cycle. (a) The entropy does not change during one cycle in either case. (b) The entropy of both increases, but the entropy of the colder water increases by more because its initial temperature is lower. (c) The entropy of the warmer water decreases by more than the entropy of the colder water increases, because some of the heat removed from the warmer water goes to the work done by the engine. (d) The entropy of the warmer water decreases by the same amount that the entropy of the colder water increases.

A typical coal-fired power plant generates 1000 MW of usable power at an overall thermal efficiency of 40%. (a) What is the rate of heat input to the plant? (b) The plant burns anthracite coal, which has a heat of combustion of 2.65 \(\times\) 10\(^7\) J/kg. How much coal does the plant use per day, if it operates continuously? (c) At what rate is heat ejected into the cool reservoir, which is the nearby river? (d) The river is at 18.0\(^\circ\)C before it reaches the power plant and 18.5\(^\circ\)C after it has received the plant's waste heat. Calculate the river's flow rate, in cubic meters per second. (e) By how much does the river's entropy increase each second?

For a refrigerator or air conditioner, the coefficient of performance \(K\) (often denoted as COP) is, as in Eq. (20.9), the ratio of cooling output \(Q_C\) 0 to the required electrical energy input \(W\) , both in joules. The coefficient of performance is also expressed as a ratio of powers, $$K = {(Q_C ) /t \over (W) /t}$$ where \(Q_C /t\) is the cooling power and \(W /t\) is the electrical power input to the device, both in watts. The energy efficiency ratio (\(EER\)) is the same quantity expressed in units of Btu for \(Q_C\) and \(W \cdot h\) for \(W\) . (a) Derive a general relationship that expresses \(EER\) in terms of \(K\). (b) For a home air conditioner, \(EER\) is generally determined for a 95\(^\circ\)F outside temperature and an 80\(^\circ\)F return air temperature. Calculate \(EER\) for a Carnot device that operates between 95\(^\circ\)F and 80\(^\circ\)F. (c) You have an air conditioner with an \(EER\) of 10.9. Your home on average requires a total cooling output of \(Q_C = 1.9 \times 10^{10} J\) per year. If electricity costs you 15.3 cents per \(kW \cdot h\), how much do you spend per year, on average, to operate your air conditioner? (Assume that the unit's \(EER\) accurately represents the operation of your air conditioner. A \(seasonal\) \(energy\) \(efficiency\) \(ratio\) (\(SEER\)) is often used. The \(SEER\) is calculated over a range of outside temperatures to get a more accurate seasonal average.) (d) You are considering replacing your air conditioner with a more efficient one with an \(EER\) of 14.6. Based on the \(EER\), how much would that save you on electricity costs in an average year?

A gasoline engine takes in 1.61 \(\times\) 10\(^4\) J of heat and delivers 3700 J of work per cycle. The heat is obtained by burning gasoline with a heat of combustion of 4.60 \(\times\) 10\(^4\) J/g. (a) What is the thermal efficiency? (b) How much heat is discarded in each cycle? (c) What mass of fuel is burned in each cycle? (d) If the engine goes through 60.0 cycles per second, what is its power output in kilowatts? In horsepower?

A freezer has a coefficient of performance of 2.40. The freezer is to convert 1.80 kg of water at 25.0\(^\circ\)C to 1.80 kg of ice at -5.0\(^\circ\)C in one hour. (a) What amount of heat must be removed from the water at 25.0\(^\circ\)C to convert it to ice at -5.0\(^\circ\)C? (b) How much electrical energy is consumed by the freezer during this hour? (c) How much wasted heat is delivered to the room in which the freezer sits?

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