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Two pendulums have the same dimensions (length L) and total mass ( m ). Pendulum A is a very small ball swinging at the end of a uniform massless bar. In pendulum B, half the mass is in the ball and half is in the uniform bar. Find the period of each pendulum for small oscillations. Which one takes longer for a swing?

Short Answer

Expert verified
Pendulum A takes longer for a swing.

Step by step solution

01

Define the Problem

We are tasked with finding the period of small oscillations for two pendulums with the same length L and total mass m. Pendulum A has all its mass concentrated at a point (a simple pendulum), and pendulum B has its mass distributed equally between the ball and the bar (a physical pendulum).
02

Calculate the Period for Pendulum A

For pendulum A, which behaves like a simple pendulum, the formula for the period T of small oscillations is given by:TA=2πLgWhere L is the length of the pendulum and g is the acceleration due to gravity.
03

Calculate the Moment of Inertia for Pendulum B

Pendulum B is a physical pendulum with half the mass in the ball and the other half evenly distributed along the bar. First, calculate the moment of inertia I. The moment of inertia Ip of the bar (length L, mass m/2, pivoted at one end) is given by:Ip=13(m2)L2=mL26For the ball (mass m/2 at a vertex L from the pivot):Ib=(m2)L2=mL22Adding these: I=mL26+mL22=2mL23
04

Calculate the Period for Pendulum B

The period T of a physical pendulum is given by:TB=2πImgdwhere d=L is the distance from the pivot to the center of mass of the ball. Substituting the calculated I gives:TB=2π2mL23mgL=2π2L3g
05

Compare the Periods of Both Pendulums

We found that for pendulum A:TA=2πLgAnd for pendulum B:TB=2π2L3gNow, we compare:Lgand2L3gNotice that 23<1, thus TB<TA.

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Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

Simple Pendulum
Let's delve into the concept of a simple pendulum, which is a classic example in physics for studying motion and oscillations. A simple pendulum consists of a small and heavy object, known as a "bob," attached to the end of a lightweight and rigid rod. The rod is assumed to be massless, so the bob alone contributes to the pendulum's inertia.

The motion of a simple pendulum can be described by its period, which is the time taken for one complete cycle of swing motion. For small angles, the period of a simple pendulum is approximately determined by the formula:
  • T=2πLg
Here, L is the length of the pendulum, and g is the acceleration due to gravity (approximately 9.81 ms2 on Earth's surface). This formula indicates that the period is independent of the mass of the bob and depends only on the length of the pendulum and the acceleration due to gravity.

In the problem example, pendulum A exemplifies a simple pendulum where the mass is concentrated entirely at the end. It shows typical behavior for periodic motion in physics.
Physical Pendulum
A physical pendulum is a generalized form of a pendulum where the mass is distributed along its length, rather than concentrated at a single point. This distribution of mass makes calculations slightly more complex than those for a simple pendulum.

For a physical pendulum, the period of oscillation depends on the moment of inertia and the distance between the pivot point and the center of mass.

In our specific example, pendulum B is a physical pendulum. Its mass is split evenly between a rod and the bob at the end. This results in different mechanics than a simple pendulum. To calculate its period, we use:
  • T=2πImgd
Where I is the moment of inertia, m is the total mass, g is gravitational acceleration, and d is the distance from the pivot to the center of mass.

This setup increases the complexity but gives insights into how mass distribution affects oscillation in physical objects.
Moment of Inertia
The moment of inertia is a fundamental concept that plays a crucial role when studying a physical pendulum. It is a measure of how much torque is needed for a desired angular acceleration around an axis. In essence, it quantifies how the mass is spread out around a pivot, affecting the pendulum's resistance to changes in motion.

Calculating the moment of inertia for different shapes and configurations is key to understanding and predicting the motion of physical pendulums. For pendulum B in our exercise:
  • The rod's moment of inertia, when pivoted at one end, is mL26 for its portion of the mass.
  • The moment of inertia for the bob, concentrated at a distance L, is mL22.
Adding these moments results in the total moment of inertia:
  • I=2mL23
Understanding and calculating the moment of inertia reveals how the same mass distributed differently in this scenario affects the pendulum's periodic motion. It explains why pendulum B swings faster compared to pendulum A, despite having the same total mass and length.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

An 85.0-kg mountain climber plans to swing down, starting from rest, from a ledge using a light rope 6.50 m long. He holds one end of the rope, and the other end is tied higher up on a rock face. Since the ledge is not very far from the rock face, the rope makes a small angle with the vertical. At the lowest point of his swing, he plans to let go and drop a short distance to the ground. (a) How long after he begins his swing will the climber first reach his lowest point? (b) If he missed the first chance to drop off, how long after first beginning his swing will the climber reach his lowest point for the second time?

At the end of a ride at a winter-theme amusement park, a sleigh with mass 250 kg (including two passengers) slides without friction along a horizontal, snow-covered surface. The sleigh hits one end of a light horizontal spring that obeys Hooke's law and has its other end attached to a wall. The sleigh latches onto the end of the spring and subsequently moves back and forth in SHM on the end of the spring until a braking mechanism is engaged, which brings the sleigh to rest. The frequency of the SHM is 0.225 Hz, and the amplitude is 0.950 m. (a) What was the speed of the sleigh just before it hit the end of the spring? (b) What is the maximum magnitude of the sleigh's acceleration during its SHM?

A uniform beam is suspended horizontally by two identical vertical springs that are attached between the ceiling and each end of the beam. The beam has mass 225 kg, and a 175-kg sack of gravel sits on the middle of it. The beam is oscillating in SHM with an amplitude of 40.0 cm and a frequency of 0.600 cycle/s. (a) The sack falls off the beam when the beam has its maximum upward displacement. What are the frequency and amplitude of the subsequent SHM of the beam? (b) If the sack instead falls off when the beam has its maximum speed, repeat part (a).

A 175-g glider on a horizontal, frictionless air track is attached to a fixed ideal spring with force constant 155 N/m. At the instant you make measurements on the glider, it is moving at 0.815 m/s and is 3.00 cm from its equilibrium point. Use energy conservation to find (a) the amplitude of the motion and (b) the maximum speed of the glider. (c) What is the angular frequency of the oscillations?

You hang various masses m from the end of a vertical, 0.250-kg spring that obeys Hooke's law and is tapered, which means the diameter changes along the length of the spring. Since the mass of the spring is not negligible, you must replace m in the equation T= 2πm/k with m+meff, where meff is the effective mass of the oscillating spring. (See Challenge Problem 14.93.) You vary the mass m and measure the time for 10 complete oscillations, obtaining these data: (a) Graph the square of the period T versus the mass suspended from the spring, and find the straight line of best fit. (b) From the slope of that line, determine the force constant of the spring. (c) From the vertical intercept of the line, determine the spring's effective mass. (d) What fraction is meff of the spring's mass? (e) If a 0.450-kg mass oscillates on the end of the spring, find its period, frequency, and angular frequency.

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