Question

Hot air is less dense than cold air and therefore experiences a net buoyant force and rises. Since hot air rises, the higher the elevation, the warmer the air should be. Therefore, the top of Mount Everest should be very warm. Explain why Mount Everest is colder than Death Valley.

Short answer

Answer: Mount Everest is colder than Death Valley due to several factors, including the effect of altitude on temperature, lower solar radiation, and lower humidity. As elevation increases, the air temperature decreases, following the environmental lapse rate. Mount Everest has a much higher elevation than Death Valley, resulting in a significantly colder temperature. Additionally, Mount Everest receives less direct sunlight and has lower humidity, both contributing to its cold temperature.

Step-by-step solution

Misconception on Hot Air Rises

First, we need to clear up the misconception that hot air rises, thus always leading to higher temperatures at higher elevations. Yes, hot air rises, but this is due to its lower density compared to cold air. This is not the only factor responsible for the air temperature at a certain elevation. Atmospheric pressure and energy balance also play a role.

Effect of Altitude on Temperature

The environmental lapse rate is the rate at which the temperature in the atmosphere decreases with an increase in altitude. It is approximately -6.5°C/km (-3.5°F per 1,000 feet) in the troposphere. So, as you ascend, the air temperature decreases.

The Topography of Mount Everest and Death Valley

Mount Everest is located at an elevation of 8,848 meters (29,029 feet), whereas Death Valley stands at an elevation near 86 meters (282 feet) below sea level. With temperature decreasing as altitude increases, Mount Everest will be significantly colder than Death Valley due to their drastic elevation differences.

Other Factors Affecting Temperature

Aside from elevation, other factors influence the temperature of a location, such as solar radiation, humidity, and wind chill. Mount Everest is located at a high latitude, where it receives less direct sunlight, and it also has lower humidity. These factors further reduce the perceived and actual temperature on the summit.

Conclusion

In conclusion, Mount Everest is colder than Death Valley, despite the misconception that higher elevations should have warmer temperatures due to hot air rising. The factors that contribute to Mount Everest's cold temperature are the effect of altitude on temperature, which decreases as elevation increases, as well as low solar radiation and low humidity at high latitudes.

Key concepts

Buoyancy of Hot Air

When you hear that hot air rises, it's essential to understand the physics behind this phenomenon. Hot air is indeed less dense than cold air because the molecules in hot air have more kinetic energy and move apart from each other. This reduction in density compared to the cooler air around it gives hot air a buoyant force, allowing it to rise. It's like a bubble rising to the surface of the water. But while this buoyancy can affect local weather patterns and phenomena like thunderstorms, it doesn't dictate the overall temperature distribution with elevation.

Understanding that hot air rises due to buoyancy is crucial. However, it's just one factor that influences atmospheric conditions. Balloonists and pilots use this knowledge to navigate the skies, but when it comes to explaining temperature variations at different heights, there are more variables at play, which is why Mount Everest is not warmer than Death Valley despite its higher elevation.

Atmospheric Pressure and Energy Balance

The temperature of the air at various elevations is greatly influenced by atmospheric pressure and the balance of energy within the Earth's atmosphere. As elevation increases, atmospheric pressure lowers because there are fewer air molecules above. This reduced pressure means that air expands and cools as you climb higher. Moreover, the balance of energy comes into play through solar radiation and infrared radiation emitted by the Earth. At higher altitudes, the thinner atmosphere absorbs and retains less heat, leading to cooler temperatures.

This principle ties in with understanding why Mount Everest is colder than Death Valley. On a hot day in Death Valley, the sun's energy is intensely absorbed by the ground and re-radiated as heat, while on Mount Everest, even though the region is closer to the sun, the thin atmosphere and lack of intense solar radiation absorption lead to lower temperatures.

Factors Affecting Temperature at Elevation

The temperature at any given elevation is the result of complex interactions between various environmental factors. The environmental lapse rate, which averages -6.5°C/km in the troposphere, indicates that temperature generally decreases with an increase in altitude. However, other factors also come into play. These include solar radiation, which varies with latitude; humidity, where lower humidity can make the air feel colder; and wind chill, which can significantly affect how cold the air feels.

Mount Everest, despite its elevation, is significantly colder than Death Valley for several reasons. The high altitude means a cooler environmental lapse rate is in effect. Additionally, the mountain's latitude results in less direct and thus less intense sunlight. Mount Everest also has low humidity compared to Death Valley. These conditions contribute to the apparent and actual cold temperatures found at such high elevations. In essence, while the concept of hot air rising might imply warmer temperatures at higher altitudes, in reality, the combined effect of these factors overrules that assumption and leads to the colder conditions observed on peaks like Mount Everest.