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Chapter 10: 6CQ (page 413)

why is covalent bonding directional, while ionic bonding is not?

Short Answer

Expert verified

Because electrons are shared unequally among different elements.

Step by step solution

01

Understanding Covalent Bond:

Covalent bonds are formed by nuclei sharing electrons. They are normally polarized or directional because electrons are shared unequally among different elements.

02

Distinction between Iconic & Covalent Bond

In iconic bonds, electrons are not shared; the element that has one electron short of Nobel gas completely adopts the other element’s outmost electron.

Hence, it is not directional.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

Question: The interatomic potential energy in a diatomic molecule (Figure 10.16) has many features: a minimum energy, an equilibrium separation a curvature and so on. (a) Upon what features do rotational energy levels depend? (b) Upon what features do the vibration levels depend?

Section 10.6 notes that as causes of resistance, ionic vibrations give way to lattice imperfections at around 10 K. A typical spring constant between atoms in a solid is or order of magnitude $10^{3} \frac{N}{m}$ and typical spacing is nominally $10^{- 10} m$ . Estimate how much the vibrating atoms locations might deviate, as a function of their normal separations, at 10 K.

The bond length of the $N_{2}$ molecule is $0.11 nm$ , and its effective spring constant is $2.3 \times 10^{3} N / m$ at room temperature.

(a) What would be the ratio of molecules with rotational quantum number $ℓ = 1$ to those with $ℓ = 0$ (at the same vibrational level), and

(b) What would be the ratio of molecules with vibrational quantum number $n = 1$ to those with $n = 0$ (with the same rotational energy)?

Question: Volumes have been written on transistor biasing, but Figure 10.45 gets at the main idea. Suppose that and that the "input" produces its own voltage . The total resistance is in the input loop, which goes clockwise from the emitter through the various components to the base, then back to the emitter through the base-emitter diode. this diode is forward biased with the base at all times 0.7 V higher than the emitter. Suppose also that V_cc = 12 V and that the "out- put" is $350 K Ω$ . Now. given that for every 201 electrons entering the emitter, I passes out the base and 200 out the collector, calculate the maximum and minimum in the sinusoidally varying

(a) Current in the base emitter circuit.

(b) Power delivered by the input.

(c) Power delivered to the output.

(d) Power delivered byV_ce.

(e) what does most of the work.

What is Cooper pair, and what role does it play in superconductivity?

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