Question

Write the electronis configurations for phosphorus. germanium. and cesium.

Short answer

The electron configurations for Phosphorus (P), Germanium (Ge), and Cesium (Cs) are: \[P: 1s^2 2s^2 2p^6 3s^2 3p^3, \] \[Ge: 1s^2 2s^2 2p^6 3s^2 3p^6 4s^2 3d^{10} 4p^2, \] and \[Cs: 1s^2 2s^2 2p^6 3s^2 3p^6 4s^2 3d^{10} 4p^6 5s^2 4d^{10} 5p^6 6s^1. \]

Step-by-step solution

Electron Configuration of Phosphorus

Find phosphorus in the periodic table. Its atomic number is 15, meaning it has 15 electrons. The electron configuration can be written as: \[ 1s^2 2s^2 2p^6 3s^2 3p^3\]

Electron Configuration of Germanium

Germanium's atomic number is 32. So, it has 32 electrons. The electron configuration of germanium would be: \[1s^2 2s^2 2p^6 3s^2 3p^6 4s^2 3d^{10} 4p^2.\]

Electron Configuration of Cesium

Cesium has an atomic number of 55. Its electron configuration would be: \[1s^2 2s^2 2p^6 3s^2 3p^6 4s^2 3d^{10} 4p^6 5s^2 4d^{10} 5p^6 6s^1. \]

Key concepts

Atomic Number

The atomic number is a fundamental property of chemical elements. It represents the number of protons found in the nucleus of an atom of the element.
Each element in the periodic table has a unique atomic number, which determines the element's identity. For example, phosphorus has an atomic number of 15, meaning it has 15 protons in its nucleus. Likewise, germanium has an atomic number of 32, and cesium has an atomic number of 55. These numbers not only define the element but also give us the number of electrons in a neutral atom.

• The atomic number helps in predicting the electron configuration of an element, as electrons fill the lowest energy levels first.
• The element's chemical behavior and periodic table placement are directly related to its atomic number.
• Understanding atomic numbers is crucial for learning more complex concepts like isotopes, where atoms have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.

Periodic Table

The periodic table is a powerful tool for chemists and students alike. It arranges all known elements in an informative grid according to their atomic numbers and recurring chemical properties.
It allows you to quickly determine a lot about an element, including its electron configuration, based on its position.

• The table is organized into rows called periods and columns known as groups or families.
• Elements in the same group often share similar properties because they have the same number of electrons in their outer shell.
• The periodic law states that many properties of elements are periodic functions of their atomic numbers.

For example, phosphorus, germanium, and cesium have their electron configurations defined by where they are located. Studying their placement in the periodic table helps in understanding the patterns of their electron arrangements.

Electron Shells

Electron shells are layers of electrons that orbit the nucleus of an atom. They fill up in a specific order, starting from the closest shell to the nucleus. This filling order determines the electron configuration for each element.
With each shell able to hold a certain number of electrons, knowing how they fill can help explain many chemical behaviors and characteristics.

• Electron shells are labeled as K, L, M, N, and so on, corresponding to 1, 2, 3, 4, etc.
• The number and arrangement of electrons in these shells determine how an element will react chemically.
• The main electron shells further consist of subshells, typically labeled as s, p, d, and f.

For phosphorus, germanium, and cesium, understanding their electron configurations involves knowing how their electrons are distributed across these shells. As electrons occupy the lowest energy levels first, we observe specific patterns naturally occurring as some shells fill up fully before others begin filling.