Question

Explain what is meant by the phrase ' \(a\) is proportional to \(b\) '.

Short answer

Answer: When we say that "a is proportional to b", it means that as the value of b increases or decreases, the value of a also increases or decreases by the same proportion or constant factor. This is expressed mathematically as a = k * b, where k is the constant of proportionality. Examples of proportionality include distance and time, weight and mass, and simple interest.

Step-by-step solution

Definition of Proportionality

Proportionality is a mathematical relationship between two quantities where one quantity is a constant multiple of the other. When we say that "\(a\) is proportional to \(b\)", it means that as \(b\) increases or decreases, \(a\) also increases or decreases by the same proportion, or constant factor. Mathematically, this can be expressed as \(a = k \cdot b\), where \(k\) is the constant of proportionality.

Direct Proportionality

In the case of direct proportionality, as one quantity increases or decreases, the other quantity will also increase or decrease by the same factor. For example, if \(a\) is directly proportional to \(b\) and when \(b\) is doubled, \(a\) will also double; when \(b\) is tripled, \(a\) will also triple.

Examples of Proportionality

1. Distance and time: If a car is traveling at a constant speed, the distance it covers is proportional to the time it travels. In this case, the constant of proportionality is the speed of the car. 2. Weight and mass: The weight of an object is proportional to its mass. Here, the constant of proportionality is the gravitational acceleration (around 9.81 m/s^2 on Earth). 3. Simple interest: If the principal (amount borrowed), interest rate, and time are constant, the interest earned on a loan is proportional to the principal. The constant of proportionality is the product of the interest rate and the time. In each of these examples, the relationship between the two variables is such that as one variable increases or decreases, the other does so in proportion to the increase or decrease, with the constant factor (\(k\)) remaining the same.

Key concepts

Constant of Proportionality

The constant of proportionality is the unchanging number that connects two variables that are in proportion to each other. When we have two quantities, say, quantity \(a\) and quantity \(b\), and they are said to be proportionate, it means there is a constant ratio between them. This ratio, represented by the symbol \(k\), is what we call the constant of proportionality. Think of it as the conversion factor that lets you translate from one quantity to the other.

For instance, if the cost of apples is proportional to the number of apples you buy, and 5 apples cost \(10, the constant of proportionality would be \)2 per apple (\(k = 2\)). No matter how many apples you buy, each one will always cost $2. In mathematical terms, we can write it as \( cost = k \times apples \), with \(k\) being consistent across any quantity of apples purchased.

Direct Proportionality

Direct proportionality refers to a relationship where two variables increase or decrease together at the same rate. In simple terms, if one variable goes up, the other goes up by the same multiple, and if one goes down, the other does as well. Mathematically, direct proportionality between two variables \(a\) and \(b\) is denoted as \(a \propto b\), and it can be expressed with the equation \(a = k \cdot b\), where \(k\) is the constant of proportionality.

Real-Life Application

Consider a scenario where you're filling up balloons with helium. The volume of helium \(v\) you pump into the balloon is directly proportional to the time \(t\) the valve is open, assuming a constant flow rate. If the valve is open twice as long, twice the volume of helium fills the balloon. Here, time and volume are in direct proportion, and the constant flow rate of helium is the constant of proportionality.

Mathematical Relationships

When discussing proportionality in mathematics, we are exploring the relationship between variables—it's like a special kind of partnership where changes in one variable trigger consistent changes in another. These relationships can be direct, as we've seen with proportionality, or they can take on other forms such as inverse proportionality or non-linear relationships.

Understanding these relationships is crucial because it allows us to predict how one quantity will change when we know how another is changing. It's applicable in so many areas including science, finance, and everyday life. For example, in physics, the force exerted on an object is directly proportional to its acceleration, given the mass stays constant. This illustrates Newton's second law of motion, showcasing how deeply proportional relationships are embedded in our understanding of the world around us.