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Because the three-dimensional harmonic oscillator potential (Equation 4.188)is spherically symmetric, the Schrödinger equation can be handled by separation of variables in spherical coordinates, as well as cartesian coordinates. Use the power series method to solve the radial equation. Find the recursion formula for the coefficients, and determine the allowed energies. Check your answer against Equation4.189.

Short Answer

Expert verified

The allowed energy isN+32hω.

Step by step solution

01

Definition of matrix.

A matrix is a rectangular array or table of numbers, symbols, or expressions that are organised in rows and columns to represent a mathematical object or an attribute of that item.

02

The recursion formula for the coefficients and the allowed energies.

The general radial equation is

ddrr2dRdr-2mr2h2Vr-ETakeur=rRrR=urrdRdr=rdudr-u1r2ddrr2dRdr=rd2udr2Equationbecomes,-h22md2udr2+V+h22mII+1r2u=EuTheaboveequationbecomes-h22mhd2u2+122hξ2+h22mhII+1ξ2u=Eu-hω2d2u2+12hωξ2+hω2II+1ξ2u=Eud2u2+ξ2+I1+1ξ2u=2Eu

Letk=2E-d2u2+ξ2+II+1ξ2-ku=0d2u2=ξ2+II+1ξ2-ku...................2Atlargeξ,thelasttwotermscanbeneglectedcomparedtothefirsttermd2u2=ξ2uToeliminatethedivergence,thesecondtermshouldbezero.Atξ0,equation(2)becomesd2u2=II+1ξ2uThegeneralsolutionisuξ=I+1+-1However,atξ=0,thesecondtermblowsup,Toremovedivergence,takeD=0uξ=t+1

Thesolutionforequation(2)isuξ=vξe-ξ22ξf+1Substitutingintoequation(2)givesV"+2V'I+1ξ-ξ+k-2I-3v=0Tosolvethisbytheseriessolutionmethod,Letvξ=n=0anξnv'ξ=n=1nanξn-1v"ξ=n=2nn-1anξn-2

Usingtheseexpressions,equation(3)becomesn=2nn-1anξn-2+2I+1ξ-ξn=1nanξn-1+k-21-3n=0anξn=0n=2nn-1anξn-2+2I+1n=1nanξn-2-2n=1nanξn+k-21-3n=0anξn=0Changingthedummyindextoproperpower,n=0nn+2n+1an+2ξn+2I+1n=0n+2an+2ξn-2n=0nanξn+k-21-3n=0anξn=0

Bytakinga1=0inthesecondterm,wegetn-0n+2n+1+2I+2an+2ξn=n-02n+2I+3-kanξnComparingthecofficients,n+2n+2I+3an+2=2n+2I+3-kanan+2=2n+2I+3-kn+2n+2I+3an

Toterminatetheseries,themaximumofnshouldexistafterwhichthecofficientsbecome0.Suchthatan+2=02nmax+2I+3-k=0k=2nmax+2I+3Fromk=2Ehω,E=12hωkEn=12hω2nmax+2I+3nmax+I=nEn=hω22n+3=hωn+32En=n+32hω

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Most popular questions from this chapter

(a)Derive Equation 4.131 from Equation 4.130. Hint: Use a test function; otherwise you're likely to drop some terms.

(b)Derive Equation 4.132 from Equations 4.129 and 4.131 .Hint : Use Equation 4.112.

What is the probability that an electron in the ground state of hydrogen will be found inside the nucleus?

  1. First calculate the exact answer, assuming the wave function is correct all the way down tor=0. Let b be the radius of the nucleus.
  2. Expand your result as a power series in the small numbera=2bla, and show that the lowest-order term is the cubic:P(4l3)(bla)3. This should be a suitable approximation, provided thatba(which it is).
  3. Alternatively, we might assume thatψ(r)is essentially constant over the (tiny) volume of the nucleus, so thatP(4l3)πb3lψ(0)l2.Check that you get the same answer this way.
  4. Useb10-15manda05×10-10mto get a numerical estimate forP. Roughly speaking, this represents the fraction of its time that the electron spends inside the nucleus:"

Show thatΘ=AIn[tan(θ2)]satisfies the θequation (Equation 4.25), for l = m = 0. This is the unacceptable "second solution" -- whats wrong with it?

(a) Starting with the canonical commutation relations for position and momentum (Equation 4.10), work out the following commutators:

[LZ,X]=ihy,[LZ,y]=-ihx,[LZ,Z]=0[LZ,px]=ihpy,[LZ,py]=-ihpx,[LZ,pz]=0

(b) Use these results to obtain [LZ,LX]=ihLydirectly from Equation 4.96.

(c) Evaluate the commutators [Lz,r2]and[Lz,p2](where, of course, r2=x2+y2+z2andp2=px2+py2+pz2)

(d) Show that the Hamiltonian H=(p2/2m)+Vcommutes with all three components of L, provided that V depends only on r . (Thus H,L2,andLZand are mutually compatible observables.)

(a) Construct the spatial wave function (ψ)for hydrogen in the state n=3,I=2,m=1.Express your answer as a function of r,θ,ϕ,anda(the Bohr radius) only—no other variables (p,z,etc.) or functions (p,v,etc.), or constants (A,c0,etc.), or derivatives, allowed (π is okay, and e, and 2, etc.).

(b) Check that this wave function is properly normalized, by carrying out the appropriate integrals over, θ,andϕ.

(c) Find the expectation value of rsin this state. For what range of s (positive and negative) is the result finite?

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