Question

80 through 87 80, 87 SSM WWW 83 Two-lens systems. In Fig. 34-45, stick figure (the object) stands on the common central axis of two thin, symmetric lenses, which are mounted in the boxed regions. Lens 1 is mounted within the boxed region closer to, which is at object distance ${\mathit{p}}_{\mathbf{1}}$. Lens 2 is mounted within the farther boxed region, at distance $\mathit{d}$. Each problem in Table 34-9 refers to a different combination of lenses and different values for distances, which are given in centimeters. The type of lens is indicated by converging and for diverging; the number after or is the distance between a lens and either of its focal points (the proper sign of the focal distance is not indicated). Find (a) the image distance ${\mathit{i}}_{\mathbf{2}}$for the image produced by lens 2 (the final image produced by the system) and (b) the overall lateral magnification $\mathit{M}$for the system, including signs. Also, determine whether the final image is (c) real (R)or virtual (V), (d) inverted(I) from object or non-inverted (NI), and (e) on the same side of lens 2 as the object or on the opposite side.

Short answer

a. Image distance for the image produced by lens 2,$i_2=+3.13\text{cm}$

b. Overall lateral magnification, including sign,$M=-0.31$

The final image is,

c. Real (R)

d. Inverted (I)

e. On the opposite side from the object.

Step-by-step solution

Step 1: Given Information

The object stands on the common central axis of two thin symmetric lenses.

Distance between object and lenses 1,$p_1=+20\text{cm}$

Distance between lens 1 and 2,$d=8cm$

Lens 1 is converging, focal length$f_1=9\text{cm}$

Lens 2 is converging, focal length$f_2=5\text{cm}$

Determining the concept

Using the relation between focal length, image distance and object distance find the image distance $i_2$. Then using the formula for overall magnification find its value.

From the solution of part a and b answer part c, d and e.

Formula for focal length,$\frac{1}{f}=\frac{1}{p}+\frac{1}{i}$

Overall magnification,$M=m_1{m}_2$

Magnification,$m=-\frac{i}{p}$

Where,$m$is the magnification, $p$is the pole,$f$is the focal length, and$i$is the image distance.

 Determining the image distance for the image produced by lens 2,

(a)

For lens 1 focal length $f_1$, object distance$p_1$

Using the expression for focal length,

$\begin{array}{rcl}\frac{1}{f_1}& =& \frac{1}{p_1}+\frac{1}{i_1}\\ \frac{1}{i_1}& =& \frac{1}{f_1}-\frac{1}{p_1}\\ \frac{1}{i_1}& =& \frac{p_1-f_1}{f_1{p}_1}\\ i_1& =& \frac{f_1{p}_1}{p_1-f_1}\end{array}$

$i_1=\frac{f_1{p}_1}{p_1-f_1}\dots \dots \dots \dots \dots \dots \dots .\dots \dots \dots ..\left(1\right)$

$$\begin{gathered} i_1=\frac{9\times 20}{20-9} \\ {i}_1=\frac{180}{11} \\ {i}_1=16.363~16.4\text{cm} \end{gathered}$$.

This serves as an object for lens 2,$\therefore p_2=d-i_1=8-16.4=-8.4\text{cm}$and it is given that$f_2=5\text{cm}$

Modifying equation 1 for lens 2,

$$\begin{gathered} i_2=\frac{f_2{p}_2}{p_2-f_2} \\ {i}_2=\frac{5\times \left(-8.4\right)}{-8.4-5} \\ {i}_2=3.13\text{cm} \end{gathered}$$

Therefore, the image produced by lens 2 is at $3.13cm$.

Determining the overall lateral magnification, including sign, M

(b)

To find overall magnification use the formula,

$M=m_1{m}_2$

Magnification $m=-\frac{i}{p}$

role="math" localid="1663056146339" $\begin{array}{rcl}\therefore M& =& -\frac{i_1}{p_1}\times -\frac{i_2}{p_2}\\ M& =& \left(-\frac{16.4}{20}\right)\times \left(-\frac{3.13}{\left(-8.4\right)}\right)\\ M& =& -0.31\end{array}$

Therefore, the overall magnification for the given lens system is$-0.31$.

Determining whether the final image is real (R) or virtual (V).

(c)

Since the lens 1 and 2 are converging, the object for lens 2 is outside the focal point. The final image distance is positive.

Hence, the image formed by this lens system is real.

Determining whether the final image is inverted (I) or non-inverted (NI).

(d)

Overall magnification for this lens system is negative which shows that the image and the object have the opposite orientation.

Hence, the image is inverted.

Determining whether the final image is on the same side of lens 2 as object or on the opposite side.

(e)

The final image distance is positive, which shows that it is the positive side of lens 2 that is on the opposite side of the object.

Hence, the image is on the opposite side of the object.

The focal length and overall magnification of the two-lens system can be found using the corresponding formula. The nature of the image can be predicted from the characteristics of the image formed due to the given two-lens system.