Question

Figure 9-23 shows an overhead view of three particles on which external forces act. The magnitudes and directions of the forces on two of the particles are indicated. What are the magnitude and direction of the force acting on the third particle if the center of mass of the three-particle system is (a) stationary, (b) moving at a constant velocity rightward, and (c) accelerating rightward?

Short answer

a) Force acting on the third particle when the center of mass is stationary, is 2N in the right direction.

b) Force acting on the third particle when the center of mass is moving rightward with constant velocity, is 2N in the right direction.

c) Force acting on the third particle when the center of mass is accelerating rightward, is >2N in the right direction

Step-by-step solution

The given data

The figure shows an overhead view of three particles on which external forces act.

${\mathrm{F}}_1=5\mathrm{N}$acting on particle 1 in the left direction

${\mathrm{F}}_{2}3\mathrm{N}$acting on particle 2 in the right direction

Understanding the concept of the force

We have to calculate the net force acting on the system. As the system contains three particles and the center of mass is to remain stationary, the net force acting on the system should be zero. Using this concept, we can find the force acting on the third particle.

Formulae:

The net forces acting on a body,${\mathrm{F}}_{\mathrm{Net}}=\sum _{}\mathrm{F}$ (1)

a) Calculation of the force when the center of mass is stationary

For the center of mass to be stationary, the net force acting on the system should be equal to zero.

So, using equation (1), we can get the value of the force of the third particle as:

$$\begin{gathered} {\mathrm{F}}_{\mathrm{net}}=0 \\ -5\mathrm{N}+3\mathrm{N}+{\mathrm{F}}_3=0 \\ {\mathrm{F}}_3=2\mathrm{N} \end{gathered}$$

Hence, the value of the force is 2 N and the positive sign indicates that it should be in the right direction.

b) Calculation of the force when the center of mass is moving at a constant velocity at rightward

For the center of mass to move on the right with constant velocity, the net force acting on the system should be zero due to acceleration being zero. Now, using equation (i), the force on the third particle is given as:

$$\begin{gathered} {\mathrm{F}}_{\mathrm{Net}}=0 \\ -5+3\mathrm{N}+{\mathrm{F}}_3=0 \\ {\mathrm{F}}_3=2\mathrm{N} \end{gathered}$$

Hence, the value of the force is 2N and the positive sign indicates that it should be in the right direction.

c) Calculation of the force when the center of mass is accelerating rightward

For the center of mass to move in the right-hand direction with some acceleration

$$\begin{gathered} {\mathrm{F}}_{\mathrm{net}}>0 \\ -5\mathrm{N}+3\mathrm{N}+{\mathrm{F}}_3>0 \\ {\mathrm{F}}_3>2\mathrm{N} \end{gathered}$$

So, for the center of mass to accelerate rightward, we should have the value of the force >2N in the right direction