Chapter 14: Q9CQ (page 500)
If you place 0oCice into 0oC water in an insulated container, what will happen? Will some ice melt, will more water freeze, or will neither take place?
At 0oC the amount of ice melted and the amount of frozen water are the same.
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Freeze-dried foods have been dehydrated in a vacuum. During the process, the food freezes and must be heated to facilitate dehydration. Explain both how the vacuum speeds up dehydration and why the food freezes as a result.
(a) Calculate the rate of heat transfer by radiation from a car radiator at 110°C into a 50.0ºC environment, if the radiator has an emissivity of 0.750 and a\({\bf{1}}{\bf{.20}}\;{{\bf{m}}^{\bf{2}}}\)surface area. (b) Is this a significant fraction of the heat transfer by an automobile engine? To answer this, assume a horsepower of 200 hp (1.5 kW) and the efficiency of automobile engines as 25%.
The Sun radiates like a perfect black body with an emissivity of exactly 1. (a) Calculate the surface temperature of the Sun, given that it is a sphere with a\({\bf{7}}{\bf{.00 \times 1}}{{\bf{0}}^{\bf{8}}}\;{\bf{m}}\)radius that radiates\({\bf{3}}{\bf{.80 \times 1}}{{\bf{0}}^{{\bf{26}}}}{\bf{ W}}\)into 3-K space. (b) How much power does the Sun radiate per square meter of its surface? (c) How much power in watts per square meter is that value at the distance of Earth,\({\bf{1}}{\bf{.50 \times 1}}{{\bf{0}}^{{\bf{11}}}}{\bf{ m}}\)away? (This number is called the solar constant.)
How is heat transfer related to temperature?
A large body of lava from a volcano has stopped flowing and is slowly cooling. The interior of the lava is at 1200ºC , its surface is at 450ºC , and the surroundings are at 27.0ºC . (a) Calculate the rate at which energy is transferred by radiation from\({\bf{1}}{\bf{.00 }}{{\bf{m}}^{\bf{2}}}\)of surface lava into the surroundings, assuming the emissivity is 1.00. (b) Suppose heat conduction to the surface occurs at the same rate. What is the thickness of the lava between the 450ºC surface and the 1200ºC interior, assuming that the lava’s conductivity is the same as that of brick?
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