Chapter 14: Q1CQ (page 500)
How is heat transfer related to temperature?
Heat transfer is the spontaneous energy transformation that occurs due to the change in temperature.
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One way to make a fireplace more energy efficient is to have an external air supply for the combustion of its fuel. Another is to have room air circulate around the outside of the fire box and back into the room. Detail the methods of heat transfer involved in each.
The Sun radiates like a perfect black body with an emissivity of exactly 1. (a) Calculate the surface temperature of the Sun, given that it is a sphere with a\({\bf{7}}{\bf{.00 \times 1}}{{\bf{0}}^{\bf{8}}}\;{\bf{m}}\)radius that radiates\({\bf{3}}{\bf{.80 \times 1}}{{\bf{0}}^{{\bf{26}}}}{\bf{ W}}\)into 3-K space. (b) How much power does the Sun radiate per square meter of its surface? (c) How much power in watts per square meter is that value at the distance of Earth,\({\bf{1}}{\bf{.50 \times 1}}{{\bf{0}}^{{\bf{11}}}}{\bf{ m}}\)away? (This number is called the solar constant.)
What are the main methods of heat transfer from the hot core of Earth to its surface? From Earth’s surface to outer space?
When our bodies get too warm, they respond by sweating and increasing blood circulation to the surface to transfer thermal energy away from the core. What effect will this have on a person in a \({\rm{40}}{\rm{.}}{{\rm{0}}^{\rm{o}}}{\rm{C}}\)hot tub?
Figure shows a cut-away drawing of a thermos bottle (also known as a Dewar flask), which is a device designed specifically to slow down all forms of heat transfer. Explain the functions of the various parts, such as the vacuum, the silvering of the walls, the thin-walled long glass neck, the rubber support, the air layer, and the stopper.
Consider a person outdoors on a cold night. Construct a problem in which you calculate the rate of heat transfer from the person by all three heat transfer methods. Make the initial circumstances such that at rest the person will have a net heat transfer and then decide how much physical activity of a chosen type is necessary to balance the rate of heat transfer. Among the things to consider are the size of the person, type of clothing, initial metabolic rate, sky conditions, amount of water evaporated, and volume of air breathed. Of course, there are many other factors to consider and your instructor may wish to guide you in the assumptions made as well as the detail of analysis and method of presenting your results.
In winters, it is often warmer in San Francisco than in nearby Sacramento, \({\rm{150 km}}\) inland. In summers, it is nearly always hotter in Sacramento. Explain how the bodies of water surrounding San Francisco moderate its extreme temperatures.
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