Question

Why are all pulsars not found within supernova remnants?

Short answer

Pulsars can move away from remnants over time, or remnants may become too faint.

Step-by-step solution

Understanding Pulsars

Pulsars are highly magnetized, rotating neutron stars that emit beams of electromagnetic radiation out of their magnetic poles. They are created during a supernova event as a massive star collapses into a neutron star.

Recognizing Supernova Remnants

A supernova remnant is the structure resulting from the explosion of a star in a supernova. It is made up of the ejected material from the explosion and the interstellar material it sweeps up and excites.

Considering Timing and Evolution

Over time, pulsars can move away from the site of the original supernova due to their high velocities, often referred to as 'kick velocities'. This motion can lead them to exit the visible boundaries of the supernova remnant.

Decay and Dispersal of Remnants

Supernova remnants evolve over thousands of years, expanding and dissipating into the interstellar medium. As this happens, the remnant may become too faint to be detected, while the pulsar remains visible.

Key concepts

Supernova Remnants

Supernova remnants are fascinating remnants left over from the explosive death of a star. When a star explodes in a supernova, it ejects a vast amount of material into space. This material forms an intricate shell-like structure called the supernova remnant. These remnants can be observed as beautiful glowing clouds, often showing a variety of colors depending on their composition.
The supernova remnant consists of two main components:

• Ejected Material: This is the matter expelled from the star during the explosion, moving away in all directions.
• Interstellar Material: The remnant also sweeps up and energizes the surrounding space material, contributing to its glowing appearance.

Over thousands of years, these remnants expand and merge with the interstellar medium, gradually fading from view.

Neutron Stars

When a massive star reaches the end of its life and collapses, its core can become a neutron star. Neutron stars are incredibly dense objects, packed tightly with neutrons. Despite their small size, they can contain more mass than the Sun!
Neutron stars have some unique characteristics:

• Extreme Density: A sugar-cube-sized amount of neutron star material would weigh as much as a mountain.
• Strong Magnetic Fields: These stars have incredibly powerful magnetic fields, which are crucial in the formation of pulsars.
• Rapid Rotation: Many neutron stars spin very quickly, even several hundred times per second.

These compact objects are fascinating to study due to their unique properties and the role they play in the aftermath of a supernova explosion.

Kick Velocities

Kick velocities refer to the high speeds at which some pulsars move away from their birth sites. During a supernova explosion, asymmetric forces can impart a "kick" to the resulting neutron star. This phenomenon is akin to how a gun recoil works.
There are several reasons why kick velocities are significant:

• Pulsar Motion: These velocities can propel pulsars at speeds of hundreds of kilometers per second, allowing them to travel vast distances.
• Separation from Remnants: The high velocity often means that pulsars can eventually move beyond the visible boundaries of the supernova remnants.
• Path Predictions: Observing the path of pulsars helps in tracing back to their origins, providing insight into past supernova explosions.

Kick velocities are a fascinating aspect of pulsars, highlighting the dynamic processes occurring in the universe post-supernova.

Supernova Explosions

Supernova explosions mark one of the most energetic events in the universe. This dramatic event occurs when a star exhausts its nuclear fuel and experiences a core collapse or undergoes a thermonuclear explosion. The resulting explosion releases immense amounts of energy, ejecting stellar material at extraordinary speeds.
Several key points about supernova explosions include:

• Core Collapse: This type of explosion happens in massive stars whose cores collapse under their own gravity, forming a neutron star or black hole.
• Element Formation: Supernovae are responsible for creating many of the heavier elements in the universe, dispersing them into space to be recycled into new stars and planets.
• Triggers for Nebula Formation: The shockwaves from supernovae can compress nearby gas clouds, sparking the formation of new stars and nebulae.

Understanding supernova explosions provides insight into the life cycles of stars and the dynamic nature of the cosmos.