Chapter 2: Q. 2.14 (page 62)
Write in the form , for some
Short Answer
The value in the form as
Chapter 2: Q. 2.14 (page 62)
Write in the form , for some
The value in the form as
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Get started for freeFor each of the following irreversible processes, explain how you can tell that the total entropy of the universe has increased.
Stirring salt into a pot of soup.
Scrambling an egg.
Humpty Dumpty having a great fall.
A wave hitting a sand castle.
Cutting down a tree.
Burning gasoline in an automobile.
Rather than insisting that all the molecules be in the left half of a container, suppose we only require that they be in the leftmost (leaving the remaining completely empty). What is the probability of finding such an arrangement if there are molecules in the container? What if there are molecules? What if there are ?
Use a computer to produce a table and graph, like those in this section, for two interacting two-state paramagnets, each containing elementary magnetic dipoles. Take a "unit" of energy to be the amount needed to flip a single dipole from the "up" state (parallel to the external field) to the "down" state (antiparallel). Suppose that the total number of units of energy, relative to the state with all dipoles pointing up, is; this energy can be shared in any way between the two paramagnets. What is the most probable macrostate, and what is its probability? What is the least probable macrostate, and what is its probability?
Calculate the multiplicity of an Einstein solid with oscillators and units of energy. (Do not attempt to list all the microstates.)
This problem gives an alternative approach to estimating the width of the peak of the multiplicity function for a system of two large Einstein solids.
(a) Consider two identical Einstein solids, each with oscillators, in thermal contact with each other. Suppose that the total number of energy units in the combined system is exactly . How many different macrostates (that is, possible values for the total energy in the first solid) are there for this combined system?
(b) Use the result of Problemto find an approximate expression for the total number of microstates for the combined system. (Hint: Treat the combined system as a single Einstein solid. Do not throw away factors of "large" numbers, since you will eventually be dividing two "very large" numbers that are nearly equal. Answer: .)
(c) The most likely macrostate for this system is (of course) the one in which the energy is shared equally between the two solids. Use the result of Problem to find an approximate expression for the multiplicity of this macrostate. (Answer: .)
(d) You can get a rough idea of the "sharpness" of the multiplicity function by comparing your answers to parts (b) and (c). Part (c) tells you the height of the peak, while part (b) tells you the total area under the entire graph. As a very crude approximation, pretend that the peak's shape is rectangular. In this case, how wide would it be? Out of all the macrostates, what fraction have reasonably large probabilities? Evaluate this fraction numerically for the case .
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