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Draw all the diagrams, connected or disconnected, representing terms in the configuration integral with four factors of fij. You should find 11 diagrams in total, of which five are connected.

Short Answer

Expert verified

All the diagrams representing terms in configuration integral with four factors of fij have been drawn.

Step by step solution

01

Step 1. Given information

Configuration integral:- The configuration integral is used in probability theory, information theory and dynamical systems, it's a generalization of the definition of a partition function in statistical mechanics.

02

Step 2. Drawing all the diagrams representing terms in configuration integral with four factors of fij 

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

(7)

(8)

(9)

(10)

(11)

03

Step 3. All the 5 connected  diagrams are

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

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Most popular questions from this chapter

In Problem 8.15 you manually computed the energy of a particular state of a 4 x 4 square lattice. Repeat that computation, but this time apply periodic boundary conditions.

For a two-dimensional Ising model on a square lattice, each dipole (except on the edges) has four "neighbors"-above, below, left, and right. (Diagonal neighbors are normally not included.) What is the total energy (in terms of ฮต) for the particular state of the 4ร—4square lattice shown in Figure 8.4?

Figure 8.4. One particular state of an Ising model on a 4ร—4square lattice (Problem 8.15).

In this section I've formulated the cluster expansion for a gas with a fixed number of particles, using the "canonical" formalism of Chapter 6. A somewhat cleaner approach, however, is to use the "grand canonical" formalism introduced in Section 7.1, in which we allow the system to exchange particles with a much larger reservoir.

(a) Write down a formula for the grand partition function (Z) of a weakly interacting gas in thermal and diffusive equilibrium with a reservoir at fixed T andยต. Express Z as a sum over all possible particle numbers N, with each term involving the ordinary partition function Z(N).

(b) Use equations 8.6 and 8.20 to express Z(N) as a sum of diagrams, then carry out the sum over N, diagram by diagram. Express the result as a sum of similar diagrams, but with a new rule 1 that associates the expression (>./vQ) J d3ri with each dot, where >. = e13ยต,. Now, with the awkward factors of N(N - 1) ยท ยท ยท taken care of, you should find that the sum of all diagrams organizes itself into exponential form, resulting in the formula

Note that the exponent contains all connected diagrams, including those that can be disconnected by removal of a single line.

(c) Using the properties of the grand partition function (see Problem 7.7), find diagrammatic expressions for the average number of particles and the pressure of this gas.

(d) Keeping only the first diagram in each sum, express N(ยต) and P(ยต) in terms of an integral of the Mayer /-function. Eliminate ยต to obtain the same result for the pressure (and the second virial coefficient) as derived in the text.

(e) Repeat part (d) keeping the three-dot diagrams as well, to obtain an expression for the third virial coefficient in terms of an integral of /-functions. You should find that the A-shaped diagram cancels, leaving only the triangle diagram to contribute to C(T).

Consider an Ising model of just two elementary dipoles, whose mutual interaction energy is ยฑฯต. Enumerate the states of this system and write down their Boltzmann factors. Calculate the partition function. Find the probabilities of finding the dipoles parallel and antiparallel, and plot these probabilities as a function of kT/ฯต. Also calculate and plot the average energy of the system. At what temperatures are you more likely to find both dipoles pointing up than to find one up and one down?

Implement the ising program on your favourite computer, using your favourite programming language. Run it for various lattice sizes and temperatures and observe the results. In particular:

(a) Run the program with a 20 x 20 lattice at T = 10, 5, 4, 3, and 2.5, for at least 100 iterations per dipole per run. At each temperature make a rough estimate of the size of the largest clusters.

(b) Repeat part (a) for a 40 x 40 lattice. Are the cluster sizes any different? Explain. (c) Run the program with a 20 x 20 lattice at T = 2, 1.5, and 1. Estimate the average magnetisation (as a percentage of total saturation) at each of these temperatures. Disregard runs in which the system gets stuck in a metastable state with two domains.

(d) Run the program with a 10x 10 lattice at T = 2.5. Watch it run for 100,000 iterations or so. Describe and explain the behaviour.

(e) Use successively larger lattices to estimate the typical cluster size at temperatures from 2.5 down to 2.27 (the critical temperature). The closer you are to the critical temperature, the larger a lattice you'll need and the longer the program will have to run. Quit when you realise that there are better ways to spend your time. Is it plausible that the cluster size goes to infinity as the temperature approaches the critical temperature?

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