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Chapter 4: Q. 31 (page 239)

Boys don’t cry? Two female statistics students asked a random sample of 60 high school

boys if they have ever cried during a movie. Thirty of the boys were asked directly and the

other 30 were asked anonymously by means of a “secret ballot.” When the responses were

anonymous, 63% of the boys said “Yes,” whereas only 23% of the other group said “Yes.”

Explain why the two percentages are so different.

Short Answer

Expert verified

The two percentages are so different because boys feel embarrassed if they admit that they do cry.

Step by step solution

01

Given information

We need to explain that why the two percentages are so different.

02

Explanation

When asked in personal boys may claim that they don't cry because they feel embarrassed if they agreed to do so. This affect the result of survey.

When given an anonymous survey, boys are more likely to get true responses.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

Wording bias Comment on each of the following as a potential sample survey question.

Is the question clear? Is it slanted toward a desired response?

a. “Some cell phone users have developed brain cancer. Should all cell phones come with

a warning label explaining the danger of using cell phones?”

b. “Do you agree that a national system of health insurance should be favored because it

would provide health insurance for everyone and would reduce administrative costs?”

c. “In view of escalating environmental degradation and incipient resource depletion,

would you favor economic incentives for recycling of resource–intensive consumer

goods?”

Kissing the right way According to a newspaper article, “Most people are kissing the

‘right way.’” That is, according to a study, the majority of couples prefer to tilt their heads

to the right when kissing. In the study, a researcher observed a random sample of124

kissing couples and found that 8312466.9%of the couples tilted to the right. To

determine if these data provide convincing evidence that couples are more likely to tilt

their heads to the right, 100simulated SRSs were selected.

Each dot in the graph shows the number of couples that tilt to the right in a simulated SRS

of124couples, assuming that each couple has a 50%chance of tilting to the right.

a. Explain how the graph illustrates the concept of sampling variability.

b. Based on the data from the study and the results of the simulation, is there convincing

evidence that couples prefer to kiss the “right way”? Explain your answer.

The Willowbrook and hepatitis Bstudies In the 1960s, children entering the Willowbrook State School, an institution for the intellectually disabled on Staten Island in New York, were deliberately infected with hepatitis. The researchers argued that almost all children in the institution quickly become infected anyway. The studies showed for the first time that two strains of hepatitis existed. This finding contributed to the development of effective vaccines. Despite these valuable results, the Willowbrook studies are now considered an example of unethical research. Explain why, according to current ethical standards, useful results are not enough to allow a study.

Oils and inflammation The extracts of avocado and soybean oils have been shown to slow cell inflammation in test tubes. Will taking avocado and soybean unsaponifiables (called ASU) help relieve pain for subjects with joint stiffness due to arthritis? In an experiment, 345 men and women were randomly assigned to receive either

300 milligrams of ASU daily for three years or a placebo daily for three years.

Explain why it was necessary to include a control group in this experiment.

A local news agency conducted a survey about unemployment by randomly dialing phone

numbers during the work day until it gathered responses from 1000 adults in its state. In

the survey, 19% of those who responded said they were not currently employed. In reality,

only 6% of the adults in the state were not currently employed at the time of the survey.

Which of the following best explains the difference in the two percentages?

a. The difference is due to sampling variability. We shouldn’t expect the results of a

random sample to match the truth about the population every time.

b. The difference is due to response bias. Adults who are employed are likely to lie and

say that they are unemployed.

c. The difference is due to undercoverage bias. The survey included only adults and did

not include teenagers who are eligible to work.

d. The difference is due to nonresponse bias. Adults who are employed are less likely to

be available for the sample than adults who are unemployed.

e. The difference is due to voluntary response. Adults are able to volunteer as a member

of the sample.
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