Problem 34
American League baseball teams play their games with the designated hitter rule, meaning that pitchers do not bat. The League believes that replacing the pitcher, typically a weak hitter, with another player in the batting order produces more runs and generates more interest among fans. Following are the average number of runs scored in American League and National League stadiums for the first half of the 2001 season: $$ \begin{array}{c|c|c|c} \text { Average Runs } & \text { League } & \text { Average Runs } & \text { League } \\ \hline 11.1 & \text { American } & 14.0 & \text { National } \\ 10.8 & \text { American } & 11.6 & \text { National } \\ 10.8 & \text { American } & 10.4 & \text { National } \\ 10.3 & \text { American } & 10.9 & \text { National } \\ 10.3 & \text { American } & 10.2 & \text { National } \\ 10.1 & \text { American } & 9.5 & \text { National } \\ 10.0 & \text { American } & 9.5 & \text { National } \\ 9.5 & \text { American } & 9.5 & \text { National } \\ 9.4 & \text { American } & 9.5 & \text { National } \\ 9.3 & \text { American } & 9.1 & \text { National } \\ 9.2 & \text { American } & 8.8 & \text { National } \\ 9.2 & \text { American } & 8.4 & \text { National } \\ 9.0 & \text { American } & 8.3 & \text { National } \\ 8.3 & \text { American } & 8.2 & \text { National } \\ & & 8.1 & \text { National } \\ & & 7.9 & \text { National } \end{array} $$ a) Create an appropriate graphical display of these data. b) Write a few sentences comparing the average number of runs scored per game in the two leagues. (Remember: shape, center, spread, unusual features!) c) Coors Field in Denver stands a mile above sea level, an altitude far greater than that of any other major league ball park. Some believe that the thinner air makes it harder for pitchers to throw curveballs and easier for batters to hit the ball a long way. Do you see any evidence that the 14 runs scored per game there is unusually high? Explain.
Problem 35
Researchers tracked a population of \(1,203,646\) fruit flies, counting how many died each day for 171 days. Here are three timeplots offering different views of these data. One shows the number of flies alive on each day, one the number who died that day, and the third the mortality rate- the fraction of the number alive who died. On the last day studied, the last 2 flies died, for a mortality rate of \(1.0\). a) On approximately what day did the most flies die? b) On what day during the first 100 days did the largest proportion of flies die? c) When did the number of fruit flies alive stop changing very much from day to day?
Problem 36
Accidents involving drunk drivers account for about \(40 \%\) of all deaths on the nation's highways. The table tracks the number of alcohol-related fatalities for 24 years. (www.madd.org) $$ \begin{array}{c|c|c|c} \text { Year } & \text { Deaths (thousands) } & \text { Year } & \text { Deaths (thousands) } \\ \hline \mathbf{1 9 8 2} & 26.2 & \mathbf{1 9 9 4} & 17.3 \\ \mathbf{1 9 8 3} & 24.6 & \mathbf{1 9 9 5} & 17.7 \\ \mathbf{1 9 8 4} & 24.8 & \mathbf{1 9 9 6} & 17.7 \\ \mathbf{1 9 8 5} & 23.2 & \mathbf{1 9 9 7} & 16.7 \\ \mathbf{1 9 8 6} & 25.0 & \mathbf{1 9 9 8} & 16.7 \\ \mathbf{1 9 8 7} & 24.1 & \mathbf{1 9 9 9} & 16.6 \\ \mathbf{1 9 8 8} & 23.8 & \mathbf{2 0 0 0} & 17.4 \\ \mathbf{1 9 8 9} & 22.4 & \mathbf{2 0 0 1} & 17.4 \\ \mathbf{1 9 9 0} & 22.6 & \mathbf{2 0 0 2} & 17.5 \\ \mathbf{1 9 9 1} & 20.2 & \mathbf{2 0 0 3} & 17.1 \\ \mathbf{1 9 9 2} & 18.3 & \mathbf{2 0 0 4} & 16.9 \\ \mathbf{1 9 9 3} & 17.9 & \mathbf{2 0 0 5} & 16.9 \end{array} $$ a) Create a stem-and-leaf display or a histogram of these data. b) Create a timeplot. c) Using features apparent in the stem-and-leaf display (or histogram) and the timeplot, write a few sentences about deaths caused by drunk driving.
