Question

Question: Use Cramer’s rule to compute the solutions of the systems in Exercises1-6.

4. \(\begin{array}{c} - 5{x_1} + 2{x_2} = 9\\3{x_1} - {x_2} = - 4\end{array}\)

Short answer

The solutions of the systems are \({x_1} = 1,{x_2} = 7\).

Step-by-step solution

State matrices \({A_1}\left( b \right)\) and \({A_2}\left( b \right)\)

For any\(n \times n\)matrix A and any b in \({\mathbb{R}^n}\), let \({A_i}\left( b \right)\) be the matrix obtained from A by replacing column \(i\)by vector\({\mathop{\rm b}\nolimits} \).

\({A_i}\left( {\mathop{\rm b}\nolimits} \right) = \left( {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}}{{a_1}}& \cdots &{\mathop{\rm b}\nolimits} & \cdots &{{a_n}}\end{array}} \right)\)

The system of equations is equivalent to\(A{\mathop{\rm x}\nolimits} = {\mathop{\rm b}\nolimits} \), where\({\mathop{\rm A}\nolimits} = \left( {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}}{ - 5}&2\\3&{ - 1}\end{array}} \right)\)and\({\mathop{\rm b}\nolimits} = \left( {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}}9\\{ - 4}\end{array}} \right)\).

Matrices\({A_1}\left( b \right)\)and\({A_2}\left( b \right)\)are shown below:

\({A_1}\left( b \right) = \left( {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}}9&2\\{ - 4}&{ - 1}\end{array}} \right),{A_2}\left( b \right) = \left( {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}}{ - 5}&9\\3&{ - 4}\end{array}} \right)\)

Compute the determinants of the matrices

The determinant of matrix\(A\)is shown below:

\(\begin{array}{c}\det A = \left| {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}}{ - 5}&2\\3&{ - 1}\end{array}} \right|\\ = 5 - 6\\ = - 1\end{array}\)

The determinant of matrix\({A_1}\left( b \right)\)is shown below:

\(\begin{array}{c}\det {A_1}\left( b \right) = \left| {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}}9&2\\{ - 4}&{ - 1}\end{array}} \right|\\ = - 9 + 8\\ = - 1\end{array}\)

The determinant of matrix\({A_2}\left( b \right)\)is shown below:

\(\begin{array}{c}\det {A_2}\left( b \right) = \left| {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}}{ - 5}&9\\3&{ - 4}\end{array}} \right|\\ = 20 - 27\\ = - 7\end{array}\)

Since \(\det A = - 1\), the system has a unique solution.

Compute the solution of the system

Let\(A\)be aninvertible\(n \times n\) matrix. Based on Cramer’s rule,for any b in\({\mathbb{R}^n}\), theunique solution \({\mathop{\rm x}\nolimits} \)of\(A{\mathop{\rm x}\nolimits} = {\mathop{\rm b}\nolimits} \)has entries given by

\({x_i} = \frac{{\det {A_i}\left( b \right)}}{{\det A}},\,\,\,\,i = 1,2,...,n\).

Use Cramer’s rule to compute the solution of the system as shown below:

\(\begin{array}{c}{{\mathop{\rm x}\nolimits} _1} = \frac{{\det {A_1}\left( b \right)}}{{\det A}}\\ = 1\\{{\mathop{\rm x}\nolimits} _2} = \frac{{\det {A_2}\left( b \right)}}{{\det A}}\\ = 7\end{array}\)

Thus, the solutions of the systems are \({x_1} = 1,{x_2} = 7\).