A study was conducted to determine the effect of two factors on terrain
visualization training for soldiers. \({ }^{5}\) The two factors investigated in
the experiment were the participants' spatial abilities (abilities to
visualize in three dimensions) and the viewing procedures-active viewing
permitted participants to view computer-generated pictures of the terrain from
any and all angles, while passive participation gave the participants only a
set of preselected pictures of the terrain. Sixty participants were classified
into three groups of 20 according to spatial ability (high, medium, and low),
and 10 participants within each of these groups were assigned to each of the
two training modes, active or passive. The accompanying tables are the ANOVA
table computed by the researchers and the table of the treatment means.
$$\begin{array}{lrrccc}\hline & & \multicolumn{4}{c} {\text { Error }}
\\\\\text { Source } & \text { df } & \text { MS } & \text { df } & \text { F
} & \text { p } \\
\hline \text { Main effects: } & & & & & \\\\\text { Training condition } & 1
& 103.7009 & 54 & 3.66 & .0610 \\\\\text { Ability } & 2 & 760.5889 & 54 &
26.87 & .0005 \\\\\text { Interaction: } & & & & & \\\\\text { Training
condition } & & & & & \\\\\quad \times \text { Ability } & 2 & 124.9905 & 54 &
4.42 & .0167 \\
\text { Within cells } & 54 & 28.3015 & & & \\\\\hline\end{array}$$
$$\begin{array}{lcl}\hline \multicolumn{3}{c} {\text { Training Condition }}
\\\\\hline \text { Spatial Ability } & \text { Active } & \text { Passive }
\\\\\hline \text { High } & 17.895 & 9.508 \\\\\text { Medium } & 5.031 &
5.648 \\\\\text { Low } & 1.728 & 1.610 \\\\\hline\end{array}$$
a. Explain how the authors arrived at the degrees of freedom shown in the
ANOVA table.
b. Are the \(F\) -values correct?
c. Interpret the test results. What are their practical implications?
d. Use Table 6 in Appendix I to approximate the \(p\) -values for the \(F\)
statistics shown in the ANOVA table.
