Chapter 1: Q 8. (page 32)
Identify and explain the significance of the three basic principles of experimental design.
Control, Randomization, and Replication are the three basic principles of experimental design.
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Oklahoma State Officials. The five top Oklahoma state officials are displayed in Table 1.2 on page 11. Use that table to solve the following problems.
(a) List the possible samples of size 1 that can be obtained from the population of five officials.
(b) What is the difference between obtaining a simple random sample of size 1 and selecting one official at random?
(c) List the possible samples (without replacement) of size 5 that can be obtained from the population of five officials.
(d) What is the difference between obtaining a simple random sample of size 5 and taking a census of the five officials?
The members of a population have been numbered 1-372. A sample of size 5 is to be taken from the population, using systematic random sampling.
(a) Apply Procedure 1.1 on page 17 to determine the sample ( i.e .. the numbers corresponding to the members of the population that are included in the sample ).
(b) Suppose that, in Step 2 of Procedure 1.1, the random number chosen is 10 ( i.e., k = 10 ). Determine the sample.
Regarding probability sampling:
(a) What is it?
(b) Does probability sampling always yield a representative sample?
(c) Identify some advantages of probability sampling.
In Exercises 1.17-1.22, state whether the investigation in question is an observational study or a designed experiment. Justify your answer in each case.
Aspirin and Cardiovascular Disease. In the article by P. Ridker et al. titled "A Randomized of Low-dose Aspirin in the Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease in Women" (New England Journal of Medicine, Vol. 352, pp. 1293–1304), the researchers noted that "We randomly assigned 39,876 initially healthy women 45 years of age or older to receive 100 mg of aspirin or placebo on alternate days and then monitored them for 10 years for a first major cardiovascular event (i.e., nonfatal myocardial infarction, non-fatal stroke, death from cardiovascular causes)."
In Exercises 1.92-1.97, we present descriptions of designed experiments. In each case, identify the
(a) experimental units
(b) response variable
(c) factor (s)
(d) levels of each factor:-
(e) treatments.
Highway Signs. A driver's ability to detect highway signs is an important consideration in highway safety. In his dissertation, High way Construction Safety and the Aging Driver, S. Younes investigated the distance at which drivers can first detect highway caution signs. This distance is called the detection distance. Younes analyzed the effect that sign size and sign material have on detection distance. Drivers were randomly assigned to one combination of sign size ( small, medium, and large ), and sign material ( 1, 2, and 3 ). Each driver covered the same stretch of highway at a constant speed during the same time of day, and the detection distance, in feet, was determined for the driver's assigned caution sign.
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