Chapter 1: Q 1.6. (page 7)
Fill in the following blank:
Observational studies can reveal only association, whereas experiments can help establish .
Observational studies can reveal only association, whereas experiments can help establish causation.
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Leisure Activities and Dementia. An article appearing in the Los Angeles Timesdiscussed the study " Leisure Activities and the Risk of Dementia in the Elderly "(New England Journal of Medicine, Vol. 348, pp . 2508-2516 ) by J. Verghese et al. The article in the Times, titled "Crosswords Reduce Risk of Dementia," contained the following statement: " Elderly people who frequently read, do crossword puzzles, practice a musical instrument or play board games cut their risk of Alzheimer's and other forms of dementia by nearly two-thirds compared with people who seldom do such activities." Comment on the statement in quotes, keeping in mind the type of study for which causation can be reasonably inferred.
What are the two major types of statistics? Describe them in detail.
In Exercises 1.17-1.22, state whether the investigation in question is an observational study or a designed experiment. Justify your answer in each case.
Starting Salaries. The National Association of Colleges and Employers (NACE) compiles information on salary offers to new college graduates and publishes the results in Salary Survey.
Do you think that these rates are descriptive statistics or inferential statistics? Explain your answer.
Define each of the following terms in the context of experimental design.
(a) Response variable
(b) Factor
(c) Levels
(d) Treatments
In Exercises 1.92-1.97, we present descriptions of designed experiments. In each case, identify the
(a) experimental units
(b) response variable
(c) factor (s)
(d) levels of each factor:-
(e) treatments.
Increasing Unit Sales. Supermarkets are interested in strategies to increase temporarily the unit sales of a product. In one study, researchers compared the effect of display type and price on unit sales for a particular product. The following display types and pricing schemes were employed.
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