Chapter 4: Q20 (page 143)
In Exercises 13–20, express the indicated degree of likelihood as a probability value between 0 and 1.
Death and Taxes Benjamin Franklin said that death is a certainty of life.
The probability that death will occur is 1.
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Sample for a Poll There are 15,524,971 adults in Florida. If The Gallup organization randomly selects 1068 adults without replacement, are the selections independent or dependent? If the selections are dependent, can they be treated as being independent for the purposes of calculations?
In Exercises 13–20, express the indicated degree of likelihood as a probability value between 0 and 1.
Square Peg Sydney Smith wrote in “On the Conduct of the Understanding” that it is impossible to fit a square peg in a round hole.
Denomination Effect. In Exercises 13–16, use the data in the following table. In an experiment to study the effects of using a \(1 bill or a \)1 bill, college students were given either a \(1 bill or a \)1 bill and they could either keep the money or spend it on gum. The results are summarized in the table (based on data from “The Denomination Effect,” by Priya Raghubir and Joydeep Srivastava, Journal of Consumer Research, Vol. 36).
Purchased Gum | Kept the Money | |
Students Given A \(1 bill | 27 | 46 |
Students Given a \)1 bill | 12 | 34 |
Denomination Effect
a. Find the probability of randomly selecting a student who kept the money, given that the student was given four quarters.
b. Find the probability of randomly selecting a student who kept the money, given that the student was given a $1 bill.
c. What do the preceding results suggest?
Redundancy. Exercises 25 and 26 involve redundancy.
Redundancy in Computer Hard Drives It is generally recognized that it is wise to back up computer data. Assume that there is a 3% rate of disk drive failure in a year (based on data from various sources, including lifehacker.com).
a. If you store all of your computer data on a single hard disk drive, what is the probability that the drive will fail during a year? continued 158 CHAPTER 4 Probability
b. If all of your computer data are stored on a hard disk drive with a copy stored on a second hard disk drive, what is the probability that both drives will fail during a year?
c. If copies of all of your computer data are stored on three independent hard disk drives, what is the probability that all three will fail during a year?
d. Describe the improved reliability that is gained with backup drives
Complements and the Addition Rule Refer to the table used for Exercises 9–20. Assume that one order is randomly selected. Let A represent the event of getting an order from McDonald’s and let B represent the event of getting an order from Burger King. Find , find , and then compare the results. In general, does = ?
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