Chapter 4: Q11 (page 179)
Black Cars Use subjective probability to estimate the probability of randomly selecting a car and getting one that is black.
The estimated probability value that the randomly selected car is black is between 0.10 and 0.30.
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Odds. In Exercises 41–44, answer the given questions that involve odds.
Relative Risk and Odds Ratio In a clinical trial of 2103 subjects treated with Nasonex, 26 reported headaches. In a control group of 1671 subjects given a placebo, 22 reported headaches. Denoting the proportion of headaches in the treatment group by and denoting the proportion of headaches in the control (placebo) group by role="math" localid="1644405830274" , the relative risk is . The relative risk is a measure of the strength of the effect of the Nasonex treatment. Another such measure is the odds ratio, which is the ratio of the odds in favor of a headache for the treatment group to the odds in favor of a headache for the control (placebo) group, found by evaluating the following:
The relative risk and odds ratios are commonly used in medicine and epidemiological studies. Find the relative risk and odds ratio for the headache data. What do the results suggest about the risk of a headache from the Nasonex treatment?
In Exercises 9–20, use the data in the following table, which lists drive-thru order accuracy at popular fast food chains (data from a QSR Drive-Thru Study). Assume that orders are randomly selected from those included in the table.
McDonald’s | Burger King | Wendy’s | Taco Bell | |
Order Accurate | 329 | 264 | 249 | 145 |
OrderNotAccurate | 33 | 54 | 31 | 13 |
Fast Food Drive-Thru Accuracy If one order is selected, find the probability of getting an order that is not accurate.
At Least One. In Exercises 5–12, find the probability.
Probability of a Girl Assuming that boys and girls are equally likely, find the probability of a couple having a boy when their third child is born, given that the first two children were both girls.
In Exercises 25–32, find the probability and answer the questions. Mendelian Genetics When Mendel conducted his famous genetics experiments with peas, one sample of offspring consisted of 428 green peas and 152 yellow peas. Based on those results, estimate the probability of getting an offspring pea that is green. Is the result reasonably close to the expected value of 3/4, as Mendel claimed?
Probability from a Sample Space. In Exercises 33–36, use the given sample space or construct the required sample space to find the indicated probability.
Four Children Using the same sample space and assumption from Exercise 35, find the probability that when a couple has four children, all four are of the same gender.
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